Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
Wortgeschichte & Wortgeschichten
In Planung 03

  • Amontillado

    • Amontillado (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry
    Ein "Amontillado" (span: "Nach Art derer von Montilla") entsteht durch Oxidation aus einem Fino (bzw. aus Manzanilla). Die Hefe stirbt im Laufe der Jahre ab, wodurch der Oxidationsprozess einsetzt. Die Zwischenstufen dieser Oxidation tragen die Bezeichnungen: "Fino Amontillado" und "Amontillado Fino". Amontillados haben eine kräftige Bernsteinfarbe, mit einem vollerem, stark an Nüsse oder Mandeln erinnernden Aroma, und einem Alkoholgehalt von 17 bis 21 Prozent. Die optimale Trinktemperatur liegt bei 16 °C.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.vinos.de/main04.php?page_ext=2555
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=Sherry
    (E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Fass_Amontillado


  • Armagnac

    • Armagnac (W3)

    (E5)(L1) http://www.alkohol-lexikon.de/
    Der französischer Weinbrand "Armagnac" trägt den Namen der südfranzösischen Landschaft "Armagnac".
    Die Landschaft "Armagnac" entspricht etwa dem heutigen Département Gers. Der Name könnte auf einen Personennamen zurück gehen, der seinerseits auf eine Abstammung aus "Armenien" im Kaukasus hinweist.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=Armagnac
    (E?)(L?) http://www.calvados.de/
    Internet-Shop für Spirituosen aller Art, insbesondere Armagnac, Calvados und Cognacs

    (E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagnac_%28Branntwein%29


  • Cava

    • Cava (W3)

    Der vorwiegend aus Katalonien kommende spanische Schaumwein "Cava" heißt schlicht und einfach "Keller" ("cava" = "Weinkellerei").

    (E?)(L?) http://www.vinos.de/info/cava/cava.htm
    Überblick über Rebsorten, Kellertechnik und Qualitätsstufen beim Cava.

  • Cognac

    • Cognac (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.calvados.de/
    Internet-Shop für Spirituosen aller Art, insbesondere Armagnac, Calvados und Cognacs

  • Darjeeling

    • Darjeeling (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.teeauslese.de/darjeeling.htm
    Tee aus Darjeeling - Informationen zum Anbaugebiet und den verschiedenen Teesorten auf den Seiten eines Teehhandels

  • Dornfelder

    • Dornfelder (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Der "Dornfelder" ist die erfolgreichste deutsche Neuzüchtung bei den Rotweinsorten. Seine Ursprünge führen nach Württemberg, in den Ort Weinsberg. Dort gab der Weinbaufachmann "Imanuel Dornfeld" den Anstoß zur Gründung der dortigen Weinbauschule.
    ...

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Dornfelder.htm
    Die Bezeichnung geht auf den Kameralverwalter "Imanuel Dornfeld" (1796-1869) zurück, welcher im vorigen Jahrhundert erste Anregungen zur Gründung einer Weinbauschule in Würtemberg gab.

  • Elbling

    • Elbling (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Der "Elbling" gehört zu den ältesten kultivierten Weißweinreben Europas. Die Römer nannten ihn wohl "Vitis alba", die "Weiße Rebe". Sprachforscher nehmen an, dass sich aus dem Wort "alba" über die Begriffe "Alben" und "Elben" die Bezeichnung "Elbling" formte.
    ...

  • Espresso

    • Espresso (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.nespresso.de/
    Espressotrinker-Portal

    (E?)(L?) http://www.preisler.de/espresso/
    Die Espresso-Page mit Tipps zu Bohnen, Mahlung, Maschinen und Zubereitung; Lexikon der Espressogetränke; viele Links

  • Federweisser

    • Federweisser (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Federweißer ist ein Genuss, der zum Herbst gehört wie der leckere Zwiebelkuchen und die köstlichen Edelkastanien, die man traditionell zum Federweißen serviert.

    Den Namen verdankt er seiner "milchig undurchsichtigen Farbe", die von der schwebenden, an "Federchen" erinnernden Hefe kommt. Je nach Gebiet wird der Federweiße auch "Bitzler", "Sauser" oder "Rauscher" genannt.
    ...

  • Frankenweine

    • Frankenweine (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.weinland-franken.de/start.php
    Frankenwein-Portal: Informationen zu Weingütern, zur Geschichte des Weinbaus in Franken sowie zu typischen Rebsorten

    • Fruchtsaft (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.fruchtsaft.de/
    Verband der deutschen Fruchtsaftindustrie informiert über Herstellung, Sortenvielfalt, Branche u.v.m.

  • Gletscherwein

    • Gletscherwein (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.anniviers.ch/grimentz/de/enbref/histoire/coutume.htm
    Darstellung der besonderen Art der Herstellung und Lagerung des Gletscherweins

  • Grappa

    • Grappa (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.grappanet.de/
    Online-Shop für Grappa mit Informationen über Geschichte, Herstellung und Anbaugebiete dier italienischen Spezialität

  • Grauer Burgunder

    • Grauer Burgunder (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Grauer+Burgunder.htm
    Der Name deutet auf die "graue Mutation" der "Burgunderfamilie" hin. Der früher gebräuchliche Namen "Ruländer" weist auf seinen Vermehrer "J. Seeger Ruland" hin.

  • Grüner Silvaner

    • Grüner Silvaner (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Somit ist als Herkunftsland eher Österreich als Rumänien anzunehmen, worauf die Namensverwandtschaft mit der Region "Transsylvanien" hindeuten könnte. Doch diese Herkunft ist unwahrscheinlich: der "Sylvaner" hätte die dortigen kalten Winter nicht überstanden. Belegt ist, dass im Jahr 1665 ein Zisterzienser-Abt Alberich Degen aus dem fränkischen Steigerwald die Rebe nach Deutschland brachte. Von Franken aus erreichte sie andere Anbaugebiete wie das heutige Rheinhessen, die Pfalz oder die Nahe. Dabei nannten die katholischen Winzer noch bis vor wenigen Jahrzehnten den Silvaner "Franken", die evangelischen Winzer dagegen "Österreicher". Nebenbei bemerkt: im Schweizer Wallis heißt die Sorte "Johannisberger", im Elsass "Sylvaner".
    ...

  • Heroldrebe

    • Heroldrebe (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Heroldrebe.htm
    Benannt nach dem Züchter "August Herold" (1902-1973).

  • Huxelrebe

    • Huxelrebe (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Huxelrebe.htm
    Der Name "Huxelrebe" erfolgte zu Ehren des Winzers "Fritz Huxel" (1892-1972) aus Westhofen bei Worms (ca. 15 km von Kindenheim entfernt) der als erster Praktiker den besonderen Wert dieser Sorte erkannte und sie durch seine Anbauversuche bekannt machte.

  • Kaffee

    • Kaffee (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.coffeeflavour.de/
    (E?)(L3) http://www.coffeeflavor.de/coffeeshop/catalog/coffeeguide.php
    Einigermassen interessant ist der "Coffeguide", der "Flavourguide" und die Rezepte.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.darboven.com/
    Eilles Gourmet-Kaffee

    (E6)(L3) http://www.dieckmann-aroma-kaffee.de/
    Die "Informationen rund um Kaffe" mit dem (wirklich) kleinen Kaffee-ABC gibt es unter "Linkjs und Downloads" auch als PDF-Dokument.

    (E6)(L?) http://www.its-coffeetime.de/
    It's Coffeetime - Kaffeetrinker-Portal
    Kaffee-Ideen | Kaffeeklatsch | Kaffeehaus | Kaffeepott | Kaffee-Nostalgie | Kaffee im www | Kaffee-News | Kaffee&Buch | Kaffee-Grüße | Kaffee-digital

    (E?)(L?) http://www.jacobs.de/


    (E?)(L?) http://www.jollycaffe.it
    Ein Kaffeehersteller informiert über Geschichte, Herstellung, Sorten, Zubereitung u.a.

    (E6)(L?) http://www.kaffeeverband.de/
    Kaffee-Verband - Kaffee-Wissen
    Homepage des Deutschen Kaffee-Verbandes mit Informationen zur Kaffeepflanze und Kaffeebohne; Kaffeebibliothek; Links

    (E?)(L2) http://www.lavazza.de/
    Unter "Coffee Magazine" findet man das "ABC des Kaffes" und dann das "Kaffee-Glossar" mit vielen Erklärungen zu Begriffen rund um den Kaffee.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.nescafe.de/main_nest.asp


    (E?)(L?) http://www.quarks.de/kaffee/
    Wissenswertes rund um den Kaffee

    (E?)(L?) http://www.tchibo.de/
    Drei Bereiche "Röstkaffee, Non Food und Coffee Shop"
    mit "Konzept, Warenkunde und Historie".

  • Kakao

    • Kakao (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.quarks.de/schokolade/02.htm
    Kurzbericht über die Herkunft des Kakaos

    (E?)(L?) http://www.infozentrum-schoko.de
    Info-Zentrum Schokolade: Herstellung, Geschichte, Industrie, Bilder u.a.

  • Kerner

    • Kerner (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Kerner.htm
    Benannt nach dem schwäbischen Dichter und Weinfreund "Justinus Kerner" (1786-1864) der in Weinsberg als Oberamtsarzt lebte und unter anderem Gedichte und Lieder über Wein verfasste.

    de-trinke (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Farblich betrachtet konnten (bzw. sollten) sich offenbar die Einflüsse des Trollingers nicht durchsetzen. Gelungen ist die erfolgreiche Kreuzung dem Züchter August Herold im Jahr 1929 im württembergischen Lauffen am Neckar. Anfänglich sprach man vom "weißen Herold", bis - bezugnehmend auf den Weinsberger Poeten und Oberamtsarzt "Justinus Kerner" (1786-1862) - die Trollinger x Riesling-Kreuzung den Namen "Kerner" erhielt.
    ...

  • Rebsorten (kreutzenberger)

    • kreutzenberger - Rebsorten

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    ...
    Das wichtigste und wertvollste Kapital des Winzers sind seine Reben und die Rebsorten welche auf Lage und Bodenbeschaffenheit abgestimmt sein müssen, um edle und harmonische Weine zu erzeugen. Zur Zeit stehen uns in der Pfalz rund 56 verschiedene klassifizierte Rebsorten von größerer oder kleinerer Bedeutung zur Auswahl. Klassifizierung bedeutet, daß für die jeweilige Sorte ein Eintrag beim Bundessortenamt besteht, und die Erlaubnis erteilt wurde, aus diesen Rebsorten, sofern das Mindestmostgewicht erreicht ist ( s. Öchsle ), Qualitätswein b. A. (bestimmter Anbaugebiete ) erzeugt werden darf.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.litzigerlay.de/wein/wein/weine/weinfibel/bild/
    Auf dieser Seite sind einige Rebsorten abgebildet.

  • Madeirawein

    • Madeirawein (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.madeirawine.com/
    Informationen zur Geschichte des Weinbaus auf der portugiesischen Insel und zur Herstellung der Madeiraweine.

  • Manzanilla

    • Manzanilla (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.vinos.de/main04.php?page_ext=2555
    Als Aperitif ist Manzanilla ebenso wie Fino der ideale Begleiter für Appetithäppchen, Suppen, Meeresfrüchte, weißen Fisch und milde Käsesorten. Von strohgelber Farbe, mit pikantem Aroma, trocken und leicht im Mund, unter Flor (Oberflächenhefen) ausschließlich in den Bodegas von Sanlúcar de Barrameda gealtert. Der Alkoholgehalt liegt zwischen 15 und 19 Vol.%, durchschnittlich 15,5 Vol.%.
    Die ideale Trinktemperatur: 7-8° C

  • Milch

    • Milch (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.milch-macht-schoen.de/


    (E?)(L?) http://www.milk.de/
    Infobörse Deutscher Molkereien mit vielen Informationen zu Milcherzeugnissen

  • Mineralwasser

    • Mineralwasser (W3)

    (E?)(L1) http://www.mineralwaters.org/
    Mineral Waters of the World
    mineralwaters.org is a non-profit consumer web site that offers comprehensive information about and around bottled water.
    Over 2'600 brands from more than 100 countries are presented with their contents. Have a look a the list of brands, sorted by country or sorted alphabetically. Alternatively, search the water that fits your needs in specific mineralisation.
    Zusammensetzung von Marken-Mineralwasser in aller Welt

  • Mixgetränk

    • Mixgetränk (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.mixgetraenke.de/
    Alle Formen von Mixgetränken: Zu jeder Jahreszeit und zu jedem Anlass das richtige Rezept

  • Morio-Muskat

    • Morio-Muskat (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Morio-Muskat.htm
    benannt nach dem Züchter Landwirtschaftsrat "Peter Morio" und wegen seines kräftigen "Muskatgeschmacks" den Beinamen "Muskat".

  • Müllerrebe

    • Müllerrebe - Die Rebe aus der Müllerei (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Die Bezeichnung "Müllerrebe" nimmt auf die Behaarung von Blättern und Triebspitzen Bezug, die "wie mit Mehl bestäubt" aussieht. In Frankreich lautet die Bezeichnung "Pinot Meunier" (= "Müllerei-?").
    ...

  • nüchtern
  • Nocturne
  • notturno

    • nüchtern, Nocturne, notturno (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.gesundheitpro.de/
    Nüchtern betrachtet ist "nüchtern" natürlich noch in aller Munde. Aber es wirkt auf sehr antiquiert, so dass ich es in die Rubrik der untergehenden Wörter aufgenommen habe.

    Zunächst einmal muss man sehr darauf achten, wer dieses Wort benutzt. So bedeutet für den Normalsterblichen "Nüchternheit" einen gegen Null gehenden Blutalkoholwert. Ein Arzt versteht darunter jedoch, dass 12 bis 14 Stunden vor der Blutentnahme keine feste oder flüssige Nahrung eingenommen wird. Auch die Einnahme von Medikamenten muss in dieser Zeit manchmal unterbleiben.

    Aber woher kommt dieser missverständliche Begriff? Im Althochdeutschen hiess er noch "nuohturn" und geht zurück auf lat. "nocturnus" = "nächtlich". Die "alten" Mönche durften vor dem Frühgottesdienst nichts essen, d.h. sie mussten noch im "nächtlichen" Zustand zum Frühgottesdienst erscheinen. Und so wandelte sich die tageszeitliche Angabe zur Bezeichnung des körperlichen Zustands zu dieser Tageszeit.

    Das "Nocturne" ist auch etwas, was zu nächtlicher Stunde statt findet. Es dürfte aber eher den Abendstunden zuzuordnen sein. Der musikalische Begriff machte einen kleinen Umweg über frz. "nocturne" und ital. "notturno" = "Nachtstück".

    • Piffche (W3)

    = 1/8l Wein ???

  • Portugieser

    • Portugieser (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    Der Portugieser der aus Ungarn kommt

    ...
    Die Herkunft des Portugiesers kann nicht eindeutig belegt werden. Der "Portugieser" ist über Österreich (18. Jahrhundert) nach Deutschland (19. Jahrhundert) gekommen. Johann Philipp Bronner übernahm die Erhaltungszüchtung des Portugiesers, dessen Ursprung in Österreich-Ungarn vermutet wird.
    ...

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Portugieser.htm
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Blauer+Portugieser.htm
    Name deutet wie "Oporto" auf die Herkunft aus "Portugal" hin.

  • Portwein

    • Portwein (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.portwine.de/
    Umfangreiche Werbsite zum Thema Portwein: Geschichte des Portweins und der Region am Douro, Herstellung des Weins aus den verschiedenen Rebsorten, Online-Shop

  • Riesling

    • Riesling (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Riesling.htm
    ungeklärt, Ableitung von "Verrieseln" (der Blüte), oder "reißender" Säure wird diskutiert.

    de-trinke (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Gerätselt wird nach wie vor über die Namensableitung: Steht das Wort "Riesling" mit "Verrieseln", mit "reißender Säure", mit "edles Reis" oder mit "Rusling" (= "dunkles Holz") im Zusammenhang? International ist er als "Rheinriesling" bekannt, für badische Rieslingweine darf das Synonym "Klingelberger" verwendet werden. Mit dem "Welschriesling", der unter anderem in Österreich, Italien und Slowenien angebaut wird, hat unser "Weißer Riesling" nichts gemeinsam.
    ...

  • Rivaner

    • Rivaner (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Professor "Hermann Müller" aus dem Schweizer "Kanton Thurgau" verdankt sie ihre Existenz und ihren Namen. Müller, der von 1850 bis 1927 lebte, züchtete in der Forschungsanstalt Geisenheim diese Rebsorte.

    Das Synonym "Rivaner" ist eine Kurzfassung der Worte "RIesling" und "silVANER". Diese beiden Sorten sah man lange Zeit als Eltern des Müller-Thurgau an.
    ...

  • Scheurebe

    • Scheurebe (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Scheurebe.htm
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Scheu.htm
    benannt nach dem Züchter "Georg Scheu" (1897-1949) der von 1909-1947 dem Weinbau diente.

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Während des 1. Weltkriegs, genauer: im Jahr 1916, gelang dem Rebenzüchter "Georg Scheu" in der Landesanstalt für Rebenzüchtung Alzey mit seinem 88. Sämling einer Kreuzungsserie aus Riesling und Silvaner die überzeugende Neuzüchtung "Scheurebe". Ehe der Verdienst des Züchters in der Sortenbezeichnung verewigt wurde, nannte man bis Ende 1945 die Neuzüchtung "Dr.-Wagner-Rebe", danach "S 88" oder "Sämling".
    ...

  • Schwarzriesling

    • Schwarzriesling (W3)

    (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    In der Tat kann der Name der Sorte zu der fälschlichen Annahme verführen, der "Schwarzriesling" sei ein Verwandter des "Riesling". Doch mit diesem hat er nur die späte Reife und die Traubenform gemeinsam. Seine Vorfahren sind im Burgund zu finden. Die (an der Unterseite der Blätter) stark behaarte Mutation des Blauen Spätburgunders wurde wohl schon vor Jahrhunderten ausgelesen. Das deutsche Synonym für die "Müllerrebe" ist "Schwarzriesling".

  • Sekt

    • Sekt (W3)

    (E?)(L1) http://www.sekt.de/
    (E?)(L1) http://www.sekt.de/lexikon_a.html
    Sektlexikon

    (E?)(L1) http://www.sekt.de/lexikon_s.html
    Sekt (historisch)
    Die Bezeichnung stammt vom lat. "siccus" = "trocken", ab und wanderte über das span. "secco" und das engl. "sack" um 1640 in die deutsche Sprache als "seck" ein. Zunächst meinte "seck" jedoch einen "stillen, süßen spanischen Wein" und hatte mit "Schaumwein" nichts zu tun. Erst durch einen kuriosen Vorfall im Weinkeller von Lutter & Wegner am Berliner Gendarmenmarkt wurde "Sekt" allmählich Begriff für schäumenden Wein. 1925 wurde "Sekt" amtlich, nachdem "Champagner" den deutschen Herstellern durch den Versailler Vertrag bereits nicht mehr erlaubt war.

    (E?)(L1) http://www.sekt.de/historie.html
    Neben der Wortgeschichte gibt es hier noch viel Interessantes zu entdecken.

  • Sherry

    • Sherry (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.alkohol-lexikon.de/sherry.shtml
    (E?)(L?) http://www.vinos.de/main04.php?page_ext=2555
    Mit dem Das Sherry Lexikon.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/index.html?Suchwort=Sherry
    Namensgeber für den spanischen Klassiker und den vielleicht berühmtesten Dessertwein der Welt war die Stadt "Jerez de la Frontera" in der andalusischen Provinz Cádiz, die schon seit dem Mittelalter ein Zentrum der Wein-, Likör- und Brandy-Herstellung ist.
    ...

  • Silvaner

    • Silvaner (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Silvaner.htm
    Die Bezeichnung "Silvaner" soll von "Silvanus" stammen (lat. "Silva" = "Wald") oder auf "Transsylvanien" zurückgeführt werden.

  • Spätburgunder

    • Spätburgunder (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Sp%E4tburgunder.htm
    Vermutlich auf "Burgund" beruhend.

    de-trinke (E6)(L?) http://www.deutscheweine.de/
    ...
    Die Rebsorte "Spätburgunder" oder "Pinot Noir" zählt zur "Burgunderfamilie". Diese gehört wohl zu den frühesten aus den Wildreben im westlichen Mitteleuropa ausgelesenen Sorten. Karl der Dicke brachte die Sorte 884 an den Bodensee. Im 13. Jahrhundert wurde sie im Rheingau gepflanzt. Im 16. Jahrhundert stand sie vermutlich auch in der Pfalz. Im 18. Jahrhundert soll die Sorte aus dem "Burgund" an die Ahr gebracht worden sein. Einen Aufschwung erfuhr die Sorte vor 150 Jahren mit der Ausweitung der Sektproduktion, für die man reine "Burgunderweinberge" anpflanzte. Als Synonyme werden die Begriffe "Pinot Noir" und in Teilen Badens "Klevner" benutzt.
    ...

  • Symposion

    • Symposion (W3)

    Die Familientreffen werden als "Symposion" bezeichnet, natürlich mit dem Hinweis, daß das griechische Wurzelwort "miteinander trinken" bedeutet.

  • Tee

    • Tee (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.der-teeladen.de/
    Virtueller Teeladen mit mehr als 200 Teesorten im Angebot, geordnet nach Ländern und Anbaugebieten; Geschichte und Tradition der Teeregionen; Teelexikon; Tipps zur Zubereitung

    (E?)(L1) http://www.online-tee.de/teelexi.html
    Tee-Lexikon

    (E?)(L?) http://www.tee.de/
    Alles über Tee; Informationen der Firma Teekanne

    (E?)(L?) http://www.teebuch.de/
    Ein Buch über Tee mit vielen interessanten Fakten, z.B. Gewinnung des Tees, Tee als Wirtschaftsfaktor; Einsatz in der Medizin; Rezepte

    (E?)(L?) https://shop.teegschwendner.de/Info/main_info.asp?navi_id=12&url=./content/rundumdiewelt.html&jump=12
    Informationen rund um den Tee: Qualitätsbewertung, Anbaugebiete, Teelexikon u.a.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.teeverband.de/


  • undurstig
  • schmöll
  • sitt

    • undurstig, schmöll, sitt (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://faql.de/sonstiges.html
    (E?)(L?) http://de.etc.sprache.deutsch/
    Wenn "satt" der Gegensatz zu "hungrig" ist, wie lautet dann der Gegensatz von "durstig"?
    "undurstig".

    Im Englischen kann das etwas formelle Wort "sated", auf Hunger wie Durst angewandt werden. Ein ähnlicher Standpunkt wird übrigens auch bezüglich des deutschen Worts "satt" vertreten.

    Der Vorschlag "schmöll" geht auf einen erfundenen Brief an die Duden-Redaktion zurück, der im Dezember 1975 in der "Welt im Spiegel" veröffentlicht wurde, einer Doppelseite in der Satirezeitschrift "Pardon". Der Brief war mit "Werner Schmöll" unterschrieben; Verfasser des Briefs war "Welt im Spiegel"-Autor "Robert J. Gernhardt".

    Der Vorschlag "sitt" war der Sieger eines Schülerwettbewerbs aus dem Jahre 1999 zur Suche nach einem Wort, das das Gegenteil von "durstig" beschreibt. Sowohl der Wettbewerb, der von dem Getränkehersteller "Lipton" und dem Duden-Verlag ausgeschrieben worden war, als auch das Ergebnis wurden in "de.etc.sprache.deutsch" mit Skepsis aufgenommen; die Durchsetzungsfähigkeit des neuen Worts wurde bezweifelt. Ebenfalls kritisiert wurde die Beteiligung des Duden-Verlags.

  • Weiße Mäuse

    • Weiße Mäuse (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.zeit.de/archiv/2002/26/200226_stimmts_weisse_m.xml
    ...
    Alkoholiker, die sich im Delir befinden, haben tatsächlich häufig Halluzinationen, und die berühmten weißen Mäuse gehören keineswegs ins Reich der Legenden. Warum weiße Mäuse und keine rosa Elefanten? "Weil rosa Elefanten in der Vorstellungswelt der meisten Menschen nicht vorkommen", sagt der Psychiater Werner Strik von der Universität Bern.
    ...

  • Wein-Lexikon (weinwissen)

    • weinwissen - Wein-Lexikon

    (E?)(L?) http://www.weinwissen.com/
    Wein, Rebsorten, Sekt, Bordeaux, Burgund, Cognac

    Die Wein-Ezyklopädie im Internet: Weinexperten beantworten aktuelle Fragen rund ums Thema Wein. Außerdem gibt es einen Weindolmetscher und ein ausführliches Weinlexikon.

  • Whisky

    • Whisky (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.smartspirit.de/
    Whisky-Händler in Deutschland

    (E?)(L?) http://www.thewhiskeystore.de/
    Online-Shop

    (E6)(L?) http://www.thewhiskystore.de/
    Whisky-Buch

    (E6)(L?) http://www.whisky.de/
    (E6)(L?) http://www.whisky.de/Indoor/all_whiskies/Whiskybuch/
    Whisky-Buch

    (E?)(L?) http://www.whiskymania.de/
    Whisky-Destillerien

    (E?)(L?) http://www.whiskymap.de/
    Whisky-Läden in Deutschland

    (E6)(L?) http://www.whisky-selection.de/
    Spirituosen-Shop mit vielen Whisky-Sorten. Dazu gibt es Informationen zur Geschichte und zur Herstellung des Whiskys.

    (E?)(L?) http://www.whiskysociety.de/
    Malt in allen Variationen

  • Weißer Burgunder

    • Weißer Burgunder (W3)

    (E?)(L?) http://www.kreutzenberger.com/portal/rebsorten_seite.html
    (E?)(L?) http://www.wein-plus.de/glossar/Wei%DFer+Burgunder.htm
    1874 von einer ampelographischen Kommission eingeführt um die Verwandschaft zur "Burgunderfamilie" zu manifestieren und nicht, wie früher angenommen, die Verwandschaft zum Chardonnay.

  • Last Names (ne)

    • ne - Etymology of Last Names

    (E1)(L1) http://mizian.com.ne.kr/englishwiz/library/names/etymology_of_last_names.htm
    Word & Phrase Origins | Oxymora | Pleonasm | Heteronyms | Homographs | Homophones | Homonyms | Signs of Zodiac | Greek Mythology Names | Etymology of First Names | Etymology of Last Names | Animal Name Adjectives | Bible Names | State Nicknames | Devil's Dictionary | Rhyming Dictionary | Numerical Expressions | Word of the Day The Etymology of Last Names The History of Last Names Surname History Patronymic names Surnames A-Z A: Abbott | Alarcon | Alarid | Alard | Adelard | Allard | Alard | Allert | Allart | Allender | Alan | Ailin | Allen | Anderson | Andrew | Andresen | Anders | Enders | Andersson | Anderssen | Andre | Andrews | McAndrew | D'Andrea | Andrzejewski | Andrijenko | Ondrus | Appel | Appelbaum | Applebaum | Appelt | Arnold | Arnatt | Arnett | Arnatt | Arnold |Ashmore | Atkins | Adam | adama | Adkin | Atkin | Aitkin | Adnett | Adnitt | Ade | Adami | Dami | Adamski | Azam | Adan | Austin B: Bailey | Baillie (Scotland) | Bayless | Bailess | Lebailly (French) | Bally (Swiss) | Baglione (Italian) | Bailloux (Provencal) | Baker | Baldwin | Baudouin (French) | Baldovino | Balduini | Baldoin (Italian) | Valdovinos (Spanish) | Baldewin | Ballwein | Bollwahn | Bollwagen (German) | Ballard | Bald | Balch | Barna | Barner | Barnaby | Barnes | Barn | Barnabas | Beorn | Bairn | Barrington | Beorningtun | Beorn | O'Bearain | Bearan | Barron | Bass | Basso | Bass | Block | Grubb | Littell | Short | Smalley | Basso | Bauer | Baumann | Gebuhr | Pauer | Beard | suffix "-den" or suffix "-don" is from an Old English element for dune, or hill | Bearden | Beattie | Beaty | Beatty | Beatie | Beatey | Bartholomew | Bate | Beattie | Beatty | Beatey | Beck | Beckman | Bachman | Beck | Beckman | Bachman | Beebe | Bekker | Becher | Bennett | Bennet | Benedetto | Bentley | Benz | Benzer | Bettencourt | Betto | Biedenweg | Budde | Buddeweg | Budweg | Billings | Billinge | Bixby | Blackburn | Blain | Blane | Blaan | Blalock | Blaylock | Blauer | Blount | Blunt | Boeuf | Leboeuf | Boey | Boez | Boff | Leboff (England) | La Bau | Boe | Boi | Lo Voi (Italian) | Bohm | Bahem | Boehme | Boehm | Booth | Boothe | Boothman | Boden | Bodin | Bowen | O'Buadhachain Bower: English Place name for the person who lived in a small cottage or occasionally, an occupational name for the house servant, derived from Old English bur = cottage, inner room. Variants include Bowers, Bour, Bowerer, Boorer, Bowering, and others. Dutch versions include Van Buren, Van Buuren, and Van den Bueren. Bowman is a name that is quite literal; it's the English Occupational name for the archer, from Old English boga = bow + mann = man, although occasionally it is an Anglicized form of the German and Dutch surname Baumann -- consult your heritage for the correct version. Variants of Bowman are Boman, and Beauman. The cognate form in Dutch and Flemish is Boogman. Bradford: English Place Name...Settlers near a crossing point on a watercourse often adopted 'ford' as their surname. A wide crossing was a 'broad-ford' and those living there - Bradford. Incidentally, Bradford was one of the 50 surnames of people arriving on the Mayflower in 1620. Requested by: Glenn Bradford Brake: English place name -- which derived from the way they described bushes or a thicket in medieval times. The person who lived by the 'bracken' thicket or bushes sometimes acquired the surname Brake. Bredon, Breden, Breedon of English origin. It is derived from places (in Leicestershire and Worcestershire) that are comprised of the Old English elements bre=hill + dun=low hill. Brett is the ethnic name for a Breton, from the Old French word bret. The Bretons were Celtic-speaking folks who were driven from SW England to NW France in the 6th century by the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Some returned in the 11th century with William the Conqueror. As an English surname it is most commonly found in E. Anglia where many Bretons settled after the Conquest. Variations are Britt, Breton, Bretton, Brittain, Bret, Lebret, Breton, Bretonnier, Bretegnier, Bretagne, and Bretange. There are numerous cognative versions as well. Requested by Judy Brett. Briggs: A North English and Scottish variant of Bridge, derived from the Old Norse bryggja. Bridge is an English Place name for the man who lived near a bridge, or an English Occupational name for the keeper of the bridge. Building and maintaining bridges was one of three main feudal occupations, the cost of which was occasionally offset by a toll charged to cross, and the keeper of the toll often acquired the surname. Variations are Bridges, Brigg, Briggs, Burge, Bridger, Bridgeman, Brigman. German cognitives include: Bruckmann, Bruckman, Bruck, Bruckner, Bruckner, Pruckner (Austria), Brugge, Brugger, Anderbrugge, Toderbrugge, Terbruggen (at the bridge). Van Bruggen is Flemish, and Van der Brug is Dutch. Other versions exist in additional countries. Bronowitz/Bronisz: Polish Patronymic Name... owitz and owicz are typical patronymic endings applied to a given name in several languages of Slavic origin. Bronowitz would be the 'son of Bron.' Bron, by the way, meant 'defender.' The surname Bronisz is taken directly from that given name. Requested by: Paul Pruitt Brown: is one of the more common surnames, as you might expect. Among the light-skinned English anyone with a darker complexion, brown hair, tendancy toward brown clothing, etc. were often described that way, and it stuck as a surname. There are a number of derivatives in many countries. Bruno: Brown is one of the more common surnames - it is the most common of the surnames derived from nicknames. Bruno is the form the name takes in Italy and occasionally in Germany. Buhl is a German nickname for a relative of an important man, who is not the head of the household, from Middle High German buole=kinsman. It is also occasionally known as a nickname for a lover, in the same context the word "paramour" is used. Bulmer is an English Place name from a place in Essex that was recorded in the Domesday Book as Bulenemera. It is derived from the Old English elements bulena (the plural of bula = bull) + mere = lake, for a literal meaning of 'lake of the bulls.' Burckhardt/Borrows/Burg/Burge/Burks/Burr/Burris: German Place Name...The principal surnames that refer to a fortified castle, an imposing structure, or the peasant who lived nearby were Borrows, Burg, Burge, Burks, Burr, and Burris -- which all came from the Old English word burg which meant fort. Borg is generally the designation used in Sweden, Norway, and Germany. Burckhardt was an especially well fortified castle in Germany at the time surnames were being adopted. Burgess: English Descriptive Name...taken by men of free birth, but not noble birth, who held substantial land for which they paid very little rent, and had no obligation to render services to the lord or king. Franklin and Freeman were names originating under the same circumstances. Burlingame/Burling/Burlingham: Burling and Burlingame are corruptions of Burlingham, which was the 'settlement of Baerla's people,' and an English Place name. Burney: English Place name from Bernay , Normandy which had its name originations in the Gaulish given name Brenno, or from Berney in Norfolk (recorded in the Domesday Book as Ralph de Bernai, a Norman who received land grants there). Occasionally, Burney is an Anglicized form of the given name Biorna , a Gaelic version of the Old Norse Bjarni (bearcub, warrior). Variations are Berney, Burnie, McBurney, MCBirney, and Mac Biorna. Burnham: an English Place name from various locations; Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire, various villages in Norfolk, and Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex. The name Burnham is derived from Old English burna = stream + ham = homestead. A man from one of the Burnham settlements might have that name as his identifying surname. Burns: English Place name. The man who lived in the lone cottage by the small stream was called Burn, or Burns. The -S- was often added to names as an aid to pronunciation. Other names with the same origin are Brooke, Bourne, Beck, and Beckett. Requested by Ian Worthington. Burris: The medieval castle was an imposing structure and was often used as a reference point for those who lived nearby. The English word burg meant fort, and the principal names describing the English man who lived near one were: Burg, Burge, Borrows, Burks, Burr, Burris. It's an English Place name. Requested by Beverly Burris Daniels Butler is an English and Irish Occupational name for the wine steward, who was the chief servant of a medieval household, from Anglo-Norman French butuiller = bottle. In the households of nobility, the title denoted an officer of rank and responsibility. C Cain: English nickname, derived from the Middle English word cane = reed or cane, and described the tall, thin man. Callicott: is a variation of Caldicott, an English Place name from any number of settlements originally spelled Caldecote, from Old English ceald = cold + cot = cottage or dwelling. Some suggest the name was in reference to unattended shelters for travelers, although in the Domesday Book (1086) many of these places had achieved some status. Variants are Caldicot, Caldecott, Caldecourt, Callicot, Callcott, Calcut, Caulcutt, Caulkett, Cawcutt, Corcut, Corkett, Corkitt, Coldicott, Coliccot, Collacott, Collecott, Collicutt, Colcott, Colcutt, Colkett, Clocott, Chaldcot, and Chalcot. Camden: English Place name derived from the Old English elements campas = enclosure + denu = valley. Cambden is a variation. Carberry: Scottish Place name in the parish of Inveresk, Lothian which was first recorded as Crebarrin. Carlisle is an English Place name for the town in Cumberland derived from the British ker =fort + Romano-British settlement named Luguvalium. How kerLuguvalium becomes Carlisle is yet another story. Variations of this name include Carlyle, Carlile, and Carlill. Carpenter: At the time surnames were adopted, the average man built his own cottage and did not require the skill of the Carpenter, who usually was hired by those who were of some means, and required products only a craftsman could provide. It's an English Occupational name. Requested by Dan Carpenter. Carr: was a term used in old Scotland to describe 'low, wet ground' and the person who lived by that area was often identified by it. Carson is a Scottish Place name that describes the man who lived by the carr -- the low, wet ground. Carrera: French Place Name from the Latin carraria = cart. It was the name used to refer to the man who `lived on the vehicle road' or busy thoroughfare where many carts traveled. Requested by Larry Hatfield. Carpinito: Spanish/Italian surnames are notorious for the number of spelling variants and pet forms. Carpineto is an Italian version of a French Place name for the dweller by a conspicuous 'witch elm' tree, or near a group of such trees, from Old French charme, derived from the Latin carpinus. Variants include Charmes, Charne, Carne, Decharme, Duecharme, Ducharne, and cognizant forms in addition to Carpinito/Carpineto (which are diminutive forms) are: Carpe, Ducarpe (Provencal), Carp, Carpin, Carpini, Carpino, Carpine, Carpene, and Carpano, among others (Italian). Carter is an English Occupational name for the transporter of goods by cart or wagon from Anglo-Norman French caretier, a derivative of Old French caret which originally implied 'carrier.' Occasionally it is a form of McArthur. Variants include Charter and cognates include Carreter, Carretier, Cartier, Charretier, Chartier, Chareter, Charater, Carratier, Carratie and Carretero. Cartwright: is an English Occupational name. One of the primary specialized crafts along with CARPENTER was that of the Cartwright, who fashioned the wheeled carts that traversed the early roads. Requested by Fred Hensley Cash: is an English Place name that was given to the man who lived near the Cash -- or oak -- tree. Requested by William Hopkins. Caswell: English Place name that identified the man who lived near a spring or stream. In his case the water was identified by the watercress nearby: Ole English cressa -- Cressawell, which evolved into Caswell. Cates is an English Patronymic name from the Old Norse nickname Kati, which meant 'boy' and speculation that it was derived from the nickname Kate (from Catherine) should be tempered with the knowledge that the Kate nickname wasn't used for Catherine until after the Middle Ages, when Cates was already established as a surname. Chamberlin: is a variation of Chamberlain, an English Occupational name that originally was the job held by the one who was in charge of the private chambers of the master of the house, and later was a title of high rank. Variations include Chamberlaine, Chamberlayne, Chamberlen, and Champerlen. Chandler: The Chandler worked with wax, and in addition to making candles, he fashioned wax objects or icons that were used in church offerings. Chandler is an English Occupational name. Requested by Gloria Markus. Clayton: is an English Place name that incorporates the most common ending found among English names -ton. In Old English, tun was the word for town, and it was used with other descriptions to pinpoint settlements. Clayton, or Clay-town, was the settlement on the soil of clay. Requested by Andrew Clayton Clifton is an English Place name, as determined by the suffix -ton- which originated in the Old English term tun meaning "settlement" or "enclosure." The Old English word clif meant "slope" which makes Clifton a "settlement on the slope," and a man who lived there might be described that way. There are towns all through England by the name of Clifton. Cobb: English Patronymic name that is derived from Jacob 'the supplanter' or 'may God protect' (depending on whom is asked...) Cobb is a pet form of the name Jacob. Requested by William Hopkins. Coggins :Irish/Welsh place name derived from a spot near Cardiff, which is a Welsh word for bowl, and likely described the terrain at the time. Requested by Kathy Hooten Gorodetzer Coghill is a Scottish version of the Danish name Kogel for the maker of hoods, or someone who wore one regularly. Collard is derived in a round-about way from the given name Nicholas. In several European languages where the accent tends toward the second syllable in Ni-chol-as, the first syllable is eventually lost due to lazy pronunciation. It's called aphetic loss, for example, when the word esquire becomes squire over time. Collard was derived as a pejorative form of Coll. Other variations are Colle (French), Cola and Colao (Italian), Colle (Dutch), Col and Colla (Flemish). Colley/Coley/Collie: English Nickname from W. Midlands derived from the Old English word colig which meant `dark' and was sometimes used to describe a swarthy or darker skinned man. Requested by Larry Hatfield Collins/Cole/Coles: English Patronymic Name...Nicholas was an extremely popular name in early times -- in the 4th century, Nicholas was the patron saint of children. Many names were derived from Nicholas, such as Nichols, Nickles, Nickleson, McNichols. Collins derived from the ending of Nicholas. Conway: Welsh Place Name from Conwy, a town in N. Wales named for the Conwy River, which was named from an Old Brit term that meant `reedy.' It is also sometimes derived from the Scottish place Conway in Beauly Parish and was recorded in 1215 as Coneway. Conway when descended from Ireland usually an Anglicized version of Mac Commidhe, a name which meant `head smashing.' Coomer/Coomber: English Place Name...Coomer is a variation of Coomber from the Old English cumb which was a short, straight, valley. Requested by Nancy Kincaid Coop: There are several variations of Coop, the English Occupational name that describes the maker of wooden barrels. Cupp, Coope, and Cooper are the most common. Cooper is the primary spelling of the English version of the Occupational surname for the barrelmaker or repairer of wooden vessals. The widespread adoption of this surname is testimony to the fact that the cooper was one of the valued specialist trades in the Middle Ages all through Europe. English variants include Copper, Coupar, Cupper, Kooper, Coope, Coupe, and Cooperman (among others --always) and cognates are Kiefer (German), Kupper (Low German), Kupker (Frisian), De Cuyper, Cuyp (Flemish), Kuijper, Kuiper, Kuijpers, Kuypers, Cuijpers, Cuypers (Dutch). Colson/Coulson/Collson: English Patronymic Name...Coulson originates from a very popular Middle Ages given name - Nicholas. Cole was a pet form of Nicholas used in England (primarily) and Coulson is a Scottish/Irish variation on a pet form of Nicholas. Requested by Kylie Lacey Copeland: originates in Cumberland county England and cope-land is "bought land," a way that the man living there was referenced in early times. Corder: is an English Occupational name for the maker of string, and occasionally as a nickname for the maker of ties. Cotter: English Occupational name from Middle English cotter a status term during the feudal times which described the tenant farmer or serf who planted only five to ten acres and lived in a cottage on the farm and payed for his place by service rather than rent. There are several variations for the name of this modest farmer, including Cottier, Cotman, Kotter, Kother, Kotter, Kother, Kather, Cotterel, Cotterell, Cottrell, Cotterill, Cothererill, Cotterel, Cottereau, and Cottarel. Cottle: English Occupational name which described the tenant farmer or serf who planted only five to ten acres and lived in a cottage on the farm. There are several variations for the name of this modest farmer. Cotton: Cotton originated from the village naysayer, who always said "I don't COTTON to that idea!" Just kidding. It also doesn't have anything to do with the fluffy white stuff. Cot was a shortened form of cottage, and was used as the ending of many English surnames such as Wolcott, etc. and in a diminutive form with the suffix -on the English Place name Cotton was derived. The man who came to be known by that name lived near the small cottage, or at the cottages. Requested by James Cotton. Couldridge: Just as the name 'Colegate' designates a 'cool gap in the mountain range,' the name Couldridge is an English Place name that designates a 'ridge of mountains where it is cold.' Spellings of names were not standardized until the 1800's and -o- and -ou- were often mixed with the same intent. Requested by Mark Couldridge. Coupar, when not a variant of Cooper, is a Scottish Place name from Cupar in Fife, likely of Pictish origin, with an unknown meaning. There are also locations Cuper Angus, and Cupar Maculty, but no known surnames are derived from these. The first known bearer of the place name in Scotland was Solomone de Cupir, who was a witness to a charter in 1245. Cowell: English Place Name...In Merry Old England they stayed out 'til the cu's came home, and pastured the milque cu on the hyll. Cu-hyll -- or cowhill -- was a reference to the places in Lancashire and Gloucester where cattle grazed on hillsides. Some people from that area took it as a surname. Requested by: Norma Cowell Craddock/Cradduck: Welsh nickname from the Old Welsh term caradog, which meant `amiable.' Craft: is a variant of Croft, an English Place name for the man who lived by an arable enclosure, normally adjoining a house. It is derived from Old English croft , with variations Crofts, Craft(s), Cruft(s), and Crofter. Occasionally it is a place name from Crofts in Leicestershire, which got its name from the Old English croeft = craft or skill, and likely referenced a mill located there. Crim: English Place Name...Those who took the name Crim kept their dwelling near a small pond or pool. Crisp: English Nickname for the man with curly hair, from an Old English term. Variations include Crispe, Chrisp, Cripps, Crippes, and others. Cross: English Place name for the man who lived near the stone cross set up by the roadside or marketplace, from Old Norse kross. Cognitives include De(la)Croix, Croix, (French); Croux, Lacroux, Lacrouts, De(la)croux (Provencal); Croce, DellaCroce, Croci (Italian); Cruz (Spanish); Kreutzer, Kreuziger (German); Vercruysse (Flemish), Krzyzaniak (Polish), and Van der Kruijs (Dutch). Crowell: is an English Place name from Oxfordshire and denoted the man who lived by the "crow's stream." Crowley: is an Irish Patronymic name, and it means 'grandson of Cruadhlaoch,' whose name means 'tough hero.' Requested by Laura Cohn. Cunningham: Scottish/ Irish Place/ Patronymic Name...Cunningham is a Scottish place name near Kilmarnock and was referenced in 1153 with the spelling Cunegan. Cunningham is a polygenetic name (it has more than one source) -- the other is the Irish patronymic name derived from O'Cuinneagain, a descendant of Cuinneagan, who fashioned his name from conn or con which was used to designate the leader or chieftain. Curry: English place name in Somerset named for the river Curry. D Daniel/Daniell/Daniels: English, French, Portuguese, German, Polish and Jewish Patronymic name, from the Hebrew given name Daniel (meaning God is my judge). Variations are too numerous to list, but will be added as queries concern them. Darby: English Place name taken from a Middle Ages term that described "where the wild animals are" and the man who lived nearby could easily be described by that surname. Daugherty is another Anglicized version of the Scottish and Irish Patronymic name O' Dochartaigh "descendant of Dochartach" which was a nickname meaning 'unlucky' or 'hurtful.' The most common form of the name as Anglicized from the Gaelic is Doherty. Docharty is the common Scottish variation. Davenport: English Place Name...Many of the surnames that originated in England came from places where the progenitor lived... The name Davenport was first used in England's county Cheshire, where the Dane river flowed. Davenport was the 'town on the Dane River' and became the name of some who made their homes there. Requested by: Susan Davenport-Wagner David/Davis/Davies: was the patron saint of Wales, and the name was popular throughout early Britain...as a result, there a many surnames derived from the given name David, including Davis, and Davies as the Welsh equivalent. Requested by Michael Stroupe. Davies: English Patronymic name derived as a diminutive form of the given name David. Requested by Doug Strohl Dazey: is a variant spelling of Deasy, an Irish Patronymic name from the Gaelic Deiseach, a nickname for a member of 'Dei's community.' Dent: English Place Name...it comes from 'Dent' hill in Yorkshire, England. The first to use it as a surname lived in that area. Dibley: is an English Patronymic name, based on a corruption of the name Theobald (folk, bold), which when said often and quickly enough, became Dibald and formed the basis for the surnames Dibble and Dibley. Requested by Fred Hensley Dinse is a German cognate of the English surname Dennis, which is patronymic from the medieval given name Dennis, from the Latin Dionysius and the Greek Dionysios, which meant 'follower of Dionysos.' The big-D was the eastern god introduced to the classic list late in the game. St. Denis was an early martyr (3rd Century) who became the patron saint of France and the namesake of many medieval Christians. Variations are Denniss, Denis, Denness, Dinis (English); Denis, Denys (French); Dionisio, Dionis, Dionisi, Doniso, Donisi, Denisi (Italian); Denys, Dinnies, Dinse (Low German); Denys (Polish); Divis, Divina (Czech); and Denes, Dienes, Gyenes (Hungarian), among many others. Disney: is an English Place named derived from a French place -Isigny- which was Isinius' estate in France. Many who followed William the Conqueror into England became known by the French towns from which they emigrated. Micky Mouse is said to have been from there. Dixon/Dickson/Dickinson/Dickey/Dix/Dickens: English Patronymic Name...The love of the English for Richard the Lion-Hearted in the late 1100's caused a rash of names in his honor, in addition to three often-used nicknames that derived from Richard: Rick, Hick, and Dick. The son of a man given the latter of the nicknames was "Dick's son" which evolved into Dixon, Dickson, Dickens, Dix, and Dickinson. In colonial America, Dick's River (in Kentucky, for example) was spelled Dix as often as Dick's until it was standardized, sometimes as late as the 19th century. Requested by: Karen Dixon Doherty is an Irish and Scottish Patronymic name from the Gaelic O'Dochartaigh, meaning 'descendant of Dochartach', whose name meant Unlucky or Hurtful. Variants are O'Doherty, O'Dougherty, Dougharty, Doghartie, Dogerty, Daugherty, Doggart, Dockert, and Docharty, among others. Donaldson is a Scottish and Irish Patronymic name form of the surname Donald that comes from the given name Domhnall and is comprised of the Gaelic elements dubno = world + val = might, rule. Variants are Donnell, Doull, Doole, and patronymic versions include Donaldson, McDonald, McConnell, O'Donnell, O'Donill, and O'Daniel (when derived from Gaelic O'Domhnaill). Donathan has roots in the Irish given name Donndubhan (brown Dubhan)and was Anglicized as many of the longer Irish names commonly were. They're called Patronymic when the surname is derived from the father's name. Donovan: is an Irish Patronymic name from the Gaelic O Donndubhain, which means descendant of Donndubhan, from the roots Donn = brown + dubh = black. Requested by Alan Engebretson. Dowd/Dowda/Duddy: Irish Patronymic Name for O'Dubhda, a common name in Kerry County, where the term dubh = dark. Requested by Jane Cowart Driscoll/O'Driscoll: Irish name Driscoll was the one given to the man who served as an interpreter -- the prefix -O- means 'of, son of, or grandson of' -- so, O'Driscoll is the descendant of the Irish interpreter. Requested by Chantell O'Driscoll. Drummond is a Scottish place name to describe the man who lived near the ridge, from the Gaelic druim = ridge. Gilbert de Drummyn is the earliest known bearer of the name, and signed a document as the chaplain to Alwyn, Earl of Levenax circa 1199. Duckworth: English Place name from Duckworth in Lancashire which was derived from the Old English given name Ducca + OE word = enclosure, translating literally to Ducca's word or Ducca's Enclosure. Duguid is a Scottish nickname for a do-gooder or a well-intentioned person, from Northern Middle English du = do + guid = good. The earliest known bearer of the name is John Dugude, who was in Perth in 1379 and went to Prussia with the King's service in 1382. It is most commonly found in the Aberdeen area. Duke is an English nickname for someone who gave himself airs and graces, from Middle English duke (from Latin dux = leader), or an Occupational name for a servant employed in a ducal household. Occasionally, it is a surname taken as a Patronymic version of a shortened form of the given name Marmaduke, which is of Irish origin, said to be derived from 'mael Maedoc' which meant 'devotee of Maedoc' a name borne by several Irish saints. Cognates are Duc, Leduc (French); Duca, Duchi, Lo Duca (Italian); Deuque (Portuguese); and Duch (Catalan). Dull: It depends on whether you are of Scottish descent, or English descent concerning Dull. If you are a Dull Scot, you hail from Dull (a plain) which is a village and parish in Perthshire. If your ancestors originated in England, the name is a nickname that is not as unflattering as some that wound up as surnames. Requested by Christy Dull. Dunaway: English Place Name...which refers to one who lived 'on the road to the hill.' Requested by: Brian Dunaway Dungen is the general spelling with an umlaht (dots) over the U, and is a German Place name as a variant of Dung, the surname given to the man who lived on a pieces of raised dry land amidst marshy surroundings. Dunk, Donk, and Dunkmann are other versions. E-F Edwards: is an English Patronymic name from the Middle English given name Edward from the Old English eadward, derived from ead=prosperity + weard=guard. Elliott: and its spelling variations are all based on the popular Middle Ages given name Elijah (My God is Yahveh). Among the many surnames that were adopted as English Patronymic names from Elijah were Ellis, Ellison, Elias, and Elliott. Requested by Janet Elliott. Embery: is a variant of the surname Amery which is an English Patronymic name. The name was brought to the British Isles with the Normans, many of whom were referenced by the towns they emigrated from, or by the Norman given names of their fathers. Amery is derived from Old French amal=bravery + ric=power, and derivatives include Amory, Emery, Emary, Emberry, Embrey, and Imbrey, among others. Erwin: and its counterparts Ervin/Irvin/Irwin are German Patronymic names from the Old German given name Eorwine which means "sea, friend." On occasion the name can be traced to Scottish roots and the places called Irvine and Irving, which meant 'green river.' If you are of Scottish descent, then the second is a strong possibility. Fairfull/Fair/Fairchild: English Nickname....Both 'fair' and 'full' have their origins in Middle English words; full - the meaning of which has passed to us unchanged, and fere, which meant comrade, friend, or 'friendly one.' The earliest meaning of fair was beautiful, so Fairfull would be "filled with beauty" or if derived from 'fere,' - "full of friendliness." Not all nicknames that survived as surnames were as flattering! Requested by: Timothy Fairfull Falla/Fallas is an English (by way of the Normans) place name that describes the man who hailed from Falaise in Calvados, which happens to have been the birthplace of William the Conqueror. He brought many with him, and others followed shortly after, who became known by their place of emigration. Farquharson: Scottish Nickname from Gaelic fearchar (Celtic elements mean man+dear) to signify a beloved person. Descended from Farquhar Macintosh, a grandson of laird of Macintosh who was at Braemar before 1382. Feingold: German Jewish names originated in the early part of the nineteenth century when European Jews were compelled to take surnames. Many chose purely ornamental names, of which Feingold is an example that means 'fine gold.' Finn isn't always Irish, of course, but when it is -- it's derived as an Anglicized version of the Gaelic nickname Fionn, meaning 'white,' which could have denoted prematurely white hair, or fair complexion, etc. When Finn is of English origin it is derived from the Old Norse given name Finnr with the same meaning. Occasionally, the name is of Ashkenazic Jewish origin, but its exact meaning in that context isn't clear. Variations are Finne, Fynn, Phinn, McGinn, Finsen (Danish), McKynnan, Kinnan, O'Finn, O'Fionn, and many others. Fort: English/French Place/Descriptive name...Fort is found in several countries, all deriving from an English/French term meaning strong/brave that was derived from the Latin word fortis. Some with the name were descendants of a strong/brave person -- others were those who lived at or near the fort, which was the term eventually used to describe a strong or fortified location. Foster/Forester: In the English Middle Ages, the forests and woods were almost always owned or controlled by the lord of the manor -- but people had no reservations about sneaking in and taking firewood, game, or whatever else they might require. To keep the poaching to a minimum, the lord retained a man to watch the forest -- often called a Forester, and sometimes called a Foster. The name stuck as an English Occupation surname when they became adopted. Fox: Although in some cases Fox refers to the nature of its originator -- as in sly as a fox, most animal names were derived from the pictures that decorated the signs at the medieval roadside inns. Literacy was an issue, most could distinguish the pictures, and the family at the sign of the Fox often took that as a surname. Requested by William Hopkins. Fritz/Fritsch/Fritzch: German Patronymic Name...The Germans were fond of using shortened or pet versions of names when acquiring surnames. Fritz is a patronymic surname taken from a pet form of Friedrich, which means "peace, rule." Fritsch and Fritzch are versions of the given name held by a long ago ancestor. Froman: from the Old French fromant = corn, a French occupational name for the corn merchant. Fulton: /English/Scottish Place name, In Scotland, Fulton was the 'fowl enclosure' Fuller: English Occupational name for the dresser of cloth. The fuller scoured and thickened cloth by trampling it in water. Related Fuller information page here. Fullerton: English Place name...for the 'village of the birdcatchers' in Hampshire. From Old English fuglere = bird-catcher (Fowler). G Gaches/Gache/Gachlin/Gachenot/Gachon: French Place/Occupational/Nickname When the name originated in Provencal, it referred to the person living by the lookout spot . In more northern areas of France, the name was the occupational title for a wood sawyer. Less frequently, the name was a nickname given to a wasteful person, derived from Old French gaschier to spoil. Requested by: Paul Carr Garcia: Spanish Patronymic Name from the given name Garcia which means "spear, firm." Garrison: English Place/Occupational name, derived from Middle English garite = watchtower. The garrison were troops stationed at the fort or castle, and the name could also describe one who lived near the garrison's watchtower. Garwood: English Place Name derived from the Old English gara (triangular land) and wudu (wood). The early Garwoods were those who lived by the triangular stand of trees. Requested by: Eva Garwood Gaunt: English Place name derived from the town of Ghent in Flanders from which skilled workers migrated to England during the Middle Ages. It was also the nickname given the thin or gaunt man. Gay: English and French nickname for the cheerful person. Gee: If the man named Gee didn't come from the town Gee in Cheshire, then it was a nickname he was given by his less-than-tactful associates who pointed him out by his lameness or infirmity. Gilmore: Irish Occupational Name...In old Ireland, the words gil, kil, maol, and mul designated a follower, devotee, or servant" of someone. Those with the name Gilmore are descended from the "servant of Mary." Requested by: Wouter Sas Glabb/Glab/Glabski: Polish Place name/Nickname, variation of Glab/Glabski, a low-lying spot or valley or a Polish Nickname for a fool (the literal meaning of glab is cabbagestalk). Better go with that first definition! Godfrey: is an English Patronymic name from the French given name Godefrei, comprised of the Germanic elements god + fred, frid = peace. Variations are Godfray, Godfree, and Godfer. French cognatives include Godefroi, Godefroy, Godefrey, and others. German: Govert, Goffer, Goffarth. Flemish = Govaard, Godevaard, Govard. Gold/Gould/Guild(Scottish): English Patronymic Name derived from the Old English masculine personal name from the precious metal. Requested by: Sheri McGregor Gollaher , and the more frequently seen Gallagher, are Anglicized versions of O'Gallchobhair, which means descendant of Gallchobhar, derived from gall = Foreign, stranger + chobhar = help, support. Other variants include Gallacher, Gallaher, Gallogher, Galliker, Gilliger, O'Gallagher, and O'Galleghure. Goode: When not referring to the man of high morals, is an English Patronymic name, taken from a shortened form of the given names Godwine, Godric, or Godmund. Gore is a French nickname for an idle individual (don't tell Vice-President Al though!) that has versions Lagore, Gouret, Gorron, Gorin, Goury, Gorel, Goureau, Gorichon and Gorillot, among others. Goss: Polygenetic (several sources)... It originated near the same time in England, France, Hungary, and Germany. As an English place name, it described one who lived near a moor or wood...a descendant of Goss -- a pet form of Gocelin "the just" was called by the name, as was the descendant of the Goth...The dweller at the sign of the goose was sometimes called Goss, as was the dweller at the thorns. There was a former Austrian town called Goss, and some residents took that as a surname. And if that isn't enough, Goss is also a shortened form of the Germanic element god - which means good. You can pick your favorite! Requested by Jerry Goss Gough: English Occupational Name...of Celtic origin for the man who worked as a smith, from the Gaelic gobha or goff. It was common in E. Anglia and was introduced by the followers of William the Conqueror. It is also sometimes derived from the Welsh nickname for a red-haired man... coch = red. Griffin: A mythical beast, half-lion and half-eagle -- that decorated signs at some of the roadside inns during the Middle Ages. Most people did not read or write at the time, but all could recognize the pictures. The man who lived at the sign of the griffin was sometime called by that name. Griggs is a variant of the English Patronymic surname Gregory, from the same given name that was popular throughout the Christian countries during the Middle Ages. It derives from the Greek Gregorios, a variant meaning 'to be awake or watchful' but was later associated with a term that meant 'good shepherd.' Sixteen of the popes were named Gregory, starting with Gregory the Great in 540 AD. Guerin and Geurin: (spellings weren't standardized until the 1800's) are both versions of the surname Waring, being the Irish form of the French given name Geran. That was taken from the Norman name Warin which meant 'guard.' Kind of a long way 'round to achieve an Irish Patronymic name. H Hackney is an English Place name, comprised of the elements Haki (Old Norse nickname for a man with a crooked nose or hunched figure, meaning similar to 'hook') + Eld English eg = island, literally, Haki's Island, or Hook's Island. The man from there might take the name Hackney. Haffner/Hafner/Hefner/Heffner: German Occupational Name...Lathes and potter's wheels have been around since ancient antiquity; in Germany, one who fashioned pottery was the hafner . Requested by: John Haffner Hagan: It's an Irish Patronymic name for the son of Hagan. Originally from the Gaelic form O'Hagain, it's one of the many that dropped the -O- identifier. Hall: English/German/Danish/Norwegian/Swedish Place name, derived from various words for "large house" including OE heall, and OldHighGerman halla. Halterman: The southern Germanic term for hillside or slope is halde and the German Place name for the man who lived on the halde was Halder, Halter, Haldermann, Halterman(n), Haldner, Hald, Halde, or Halt. Hamilton: is an English Place name, derived from its elements hamil =treeless hill + tun =settlement, for a literal translation of 'treeless hill town.' Hamilton was earlier described as Hameldon, Hambledon, and Hambleton. Hampton is an English Place name from hamrh=water meadow or homestead + tun=town or settlement/enclosure. The man who lived at the settlement near the water-meadow was called Hampton. Handlen: is a variation of Hanlon/Hanlin which is one of the 'Fighting Irish' surnames. A number of Irish names reference warriors, and Hanlon and its variations means 'great hero.' Requested by Steve Handlen Hanna/Hannah/Hannay: English Place name...All three names are derived from the English place in Lancashire called 'Hanna's Island' and as spellings of surnames were not standardized until the 20th century, several variations exist. People who came from Hanna's Island came to be known as Hanna/Hannah/Hannay. Hardcastle: English place name near Hebden Bridge in Yorkshire. It is derived from Middle English hard + castel = castle. Harding: English Patronymic name, from the name Heard (hard,brave) The closest I can find to the Hungarian Harlacher is the German name Horlacher from the place Horlach in Bavaria or Horlachen in Wurttemberg, from Old High German hor = mud, marsh + lahha = lake. Germany constituted the strongest influence on early Hungary and Hungarian names are similar to German although the language is distinctly different. Harris: is an English Patronymic name that comes from a pet form of the given name Henry. Some Henrys became known as Harry, and Harris was the descendant of Harry. Harstad: In Norway, people lived on farms rather than villages as they did in other parts of Europe, and some can be traced all the way back to the Iron Age. There are several designations for the farms, and -stad is one of the later ones. Harstad is a Norwegion place name. Hartley: The ending -ley on English surnames is derived from the Old English word leah, which described a 'clearing in the woods.' Hart is an old term for stag or deer, derived from OE heorot, and Hartley would be the man who lived near the clearing in the woods, where the deer were found. Requested by Maryellen O'Donnell Hatfield: English Place Name for the field that was covered with heather. Heard is an English Occupational name for the tender of animals, normally a shepherd or cow herder, derived from Middle English hearde and Old English hierde = herd, flock. Variants are Heardman, Herd (Scottish primarily), Herdman, Hardman, Hird, Hurd, Hurdman, Hearder; cognates are Hirth, Hirter, Herter, Herder, Horter (German) and diminutive forms include Hirtel and Hirtle. Hebert: is an English Patronymic name from the given name Hebert, which means "combat, bright." Heck/Hack/Hatch/Hatcher: English Place name...Surnames were often derived from the places where people lived at the time names were being adopted: Heck, Hack, Hatch, Hatcher were names that were used by those who lived at the gate or entrance to a park or forest, usually surrounded by a hedge. Hedmark/Hedemark: Swedish Acquired Name...the Swedes were among the last to adopt formal surnames and had a tough set of criteria for making up family names. (They didn't want anything risque or socially offensive.) Many were combined from nature words that they linked to form a pleasant sounding family name. Hed means 'meadow' and mark means 'field' -- so Hedmark would be literally translated as meadow-field. Helfield: The lord's manor or hall was one of the easily recognizable features in the early countryside. The man who had a home near the hall was called Heller and the man who lived near the field by the hall was called Helfield. It's an English Place Name. Hell(e): is a variant of Hill, an English Place name. The man who lived by the Hill (and there were many) sometimes came to be known as Hill, and less frequently, as Hell or Helle. When the name is of German origin, it is a place name for the man from Heller, from the German heller = light. Helmrich is one of the many variations of Helm, a medieval German given name which was a shortened form of the many compound names containing helm = helmet. Others are Helmel, Helmle, Helmecke, Helmchen, Helmker. Henley/Hensley: English Place name...Originating in Suffolk and Warwickshire, from Old English heah meaning high + OE leah meaning wood/clearing. A Henley or Hensley would be one who lived near the high clearing in the woods. Hewitt is an English Patronymic name from the given name Huet, which was a diminutive form of Hugh; occasionally it comes as a description of the man who lived in a newly-made clearing in the woods, from Middle English hewett, a derivative that meant 'to chop' or 'to cut.' Variants include Hewit, Hewett, Hewat, Howett, Howatt, Huett, and Huitt. Patronymic versions are Hewitson, Hewetson, Hewison, Howetson, Howatson, Huitson, and Huetson. Heydrich: and its many variations are German Patronymic names from the given name Heidenreich, which is derived from Old German headen=heathen + reich=rule, and was a popular name during the Crusades when it proudly declared "power over heathens!" The other forms of the name include Hedrick, Headrick, Heydrick, and Hydrich. Highland: English/Scottish Place name that quickly described where its owner lived -- on the high land. It was an easy way to distinguish between John in the valley from John on the hill. Requested by William Hopkins. Hilliard: is one of the rare English Matronymic names -- that is, it comes from the name of the mother instead of the father. Hilliard is derived from the Norman female given name Hildiarde/Hildegard, comprised of Germanic elements hild = battle, strife + gard = fortress, strength. Variations include Hilleard, Hillyard, and Hildyard. Hinshaw: English Place name that is a variation of Henshaw, which was a 'woods where wild birds are' found, such as moor hens and partridges. Hopkins: English Patronymic name...At the time of the conquest, the Normans brought the name Robert to England, and it had several pet forms that became the basis for surnames. Rob (which we still use), Hob, and Dob, were all pet names for Robert. Hobbs and Hobson were drawn from Hob, and Hopkins was yet another variation. Hodge/Hudge/Hodgin/Hodgen: English Patronymic name from the pet name Hodge, which was derived from the given name Roger. Roger came to England as Rogier courtesy of the conquering Normans. Hodinott: is the original version of (H)Od(d)en(n)not(t), which is a Welsh Place name from Hodnet in Shropshire or any of the various places called Hoddnant in Wales. It is derived from whawdd = pleasant, peaceful + nant = valley, stream. Other variations include Hodinott, Hodinett, now chiefly in Ireland.

    Hoefling/Hoffling/Haefling: German Acquired/Occupational Name...Adopted when surnames became required, by a class of people that had formerly not used them -- ie. footman to royalty -- when the royalty were deposed. From German hof meaning "court." Hoffman: German Nickname Name...hoef (hof with the two-dots over the o) means court or small farmer and Hoffman is a nickname for a farmer who owned his land rather than rented. Hogarth/Hoggarth: English and Scottish Place name from an unidentified place with the second element garth = enclosure. Hogeweide/Hochweide: German Place Name...From German hoge/hoch = tall + weide = willow, or "tall willow." One living near the tall willow would be Hogeweide or Hochweide. Requested by: Bev Waller Holbrook: English place name that described the man living by the stream in the deep ravine. Houston/Huston/Houstoun/Heuston: Scottish Place Name...From a place near Glascow, from the medieval given name Hugh + the Medieval English word tune,toun meaning village or settlement. Hugo de Paduinan held the location circa 1160. Hugh's town was anglicized to Houston, the most common form. Hoxie/Hochzeit: German Acquired Name...Hoxie is that it is derived from the German Acquired name Hochzeit (many names were altered to make them easier to spell) whose elements are hoch+zit which meant "high time" in Middle High German. It was associated with weddings and could have been taken by a man who was being married and had not yet become known by a specific surname. Huff: English Place Name...from the Old English hoh = heel, and referred to one who lived at the spur of a hill. Hunter/Hunt: Scottish/English Occupational name, variation of Hunt, Old English (hunta=to hunt) Hutin/Hooten/Hustin/: French Nickname for a quarrelsome person. Requested by Kathy Hooten Gorodetzer I: Ingersoll/Ingersall/Inkersall/Inkersole/Ingsole: English Place Name from Derbyshire which was written in the 13th Century as Hinkershill and was derived from Old Norse name Ingvair + the Old English term hyll = hill; literally Ingvair's Hill. J Jackson: is an English Patronymic name from the Old French given name Jacque, which was the French form of Jacob (Yaakov in Hebrew, meaning heel -- it's a long story...) Jeanes/Jeanne/Jayne: Norman-French Place Name....Guido de Genez came to England with the Norman Conquest and was granted lands there. Genez is a placename in Normandy. Anglicized to Jeanes; also de Genes, Jenis, Janes, Jans, J'Anes, Jeanne, Jeynes, Jayne, Jane, Janns. Jenks is an English Patronymic name derived the long way around from the given name Jenkin (normally suffixes are added rather than taken away), in this case, the Anglo-Norman suffix -in is removed. Jenkin was a Middle English given name that came as a diminutive form of John. Juliard/Julliard/Julianus/Julius: French Patronymic Name....Juliard is a French version of Julian/Julianus/Julius which derived from the Latin Julius meaning youthful looking -- literally as "downy-bearded." Requested by: Paul Pruitt Johnson: English Patronymic Name:One of the earliest first names was John (gift of God), which in the 17th century replaced William as the most popular name for a male. As a patronymic name, Johnson from England and Scandinavia became the most widely found name in America, and its Welsh version Jones the fifth-most prolific. Jones: English Patronymic Name:One of the earliest first names was John (gift of God), which in the 17th century replaced William as the most popular name for a male. As a patronymic name, Johnson from England and Scandinavia became the most widely found name in America, and its Welsh version Jones the fifth-most prolific. Requested by: Bev Waller Jovan: Slavic Patronymic name...Likely Anglicized version of Jovanovic, a Slavic version of the given name John, which came from the Hebrew Yochanan, which meant `Jehovah has favored me with a son.' Justice: English Patronymic name that is derived from the given name Justus which means 'the just,' and in some cases was applied to the man who performed the duties of the judge. If nowhere else -- you can find Justice on these pages! Requested by Herb King K: Kantor: German Occupational Name...Kantor is the one who sang liturgical music in the synagogue. Keach: is an English nickname given the man who was a little chubby. From the Middle English keech = fat, with variants Keech, Keetch, Keatch, and Keitch. Kelso: Scottish Place name that was used to describe the man who lived near the 'chalky height' -- a place they would have recognized during the Middle Ages when surnames were adoped there. Requested by Liz Kelso Kern/Kerns/Curn: Many German names are taken from the short, or pet form of a given name. Kern (of which Curn may be a derivative) is taken from Gernwin (spear, friend) when it isn't the man who emigrated from Kern, the German town. It's a German Patronymic name when not from the town, and a German Place name in that case. Kesterson: Some names are a combination of types: In Germany, the official in charge of the church sacristy was the Kuester (the English equivalent was Sexton) and Kester and Koester are variations of that occupational name. The -son at the end is a Patronymic designation that denotes the descendant of the Church Kuester. Requested by Gloria Markus Key: as you might expect, was the man who made keys, or occasionally -- the man in the largely ceremonial office of 'key-bearer.' Kay is another version of that English Occupational name. Kidd: English Occupational/Nickname...Most surnames relating to animals had their origin in signs that were displayed at inns throughout the countryside. In early times, when travel from one location to another could not be completed in a day -- people took travellers into their homes -- many doing so as a business. Animals pictures were popular additions to the signs. Kidd came from the picture of the "little goat" at an English inn...in France, the counterpart was Chevrolet. Kille is a variation of the Irish Patronymic name Killeen, which is an Anglicized version of the Gaelic Cillin, a dimunitive form of Ceallach. Phew! -- a long way of saying descendant of Kelly. John Kyllyk is the first known bearer of the name. He was a vintner in London whose will was proven in court in 1439.

    Kincaid: Scottish Place Name...Kincaid was derived from a place near Lennoxtown in Campsie Glen, north of Glascow. It was referenced in 1238 as Kincaith which means 'top pass.' Kingdon: It's an English (Devon) place name from High Kingdon in Alverdiscott, Devon. The name elements are from Old English cyning = king + dun = hill for a literal translation of 'king's hill.' Kinney: Variant of the Scottish Patronymic name Kenney derived from the Gaelic given name Cionaodha, of unknown origin, but likely composed of the elements cion = respect + Aodh = pagan god of fire. Occasionally Kenney is derived as an Irish Patronymic name through the Anglicizing of O'Coinnigh -- 'descendant of Coinneach. Variations are McKinney, McKenney, McKenna, McKinna, and McKennan, among others. Kirkland: Scottish Place name; the man who took it as a surname lived on land adjacent to the church property, often the parish cemetery. The Scottish church is referred to as the Kirk. Klink: Dutch Place name for the man who lived near the rushing mountain stream. Knapp: As an English place name, Knapp was the man who lived at the top of the hill. Knight: English Status Name from the Old English cniht which referred to a boy or serving lad. During the Middle Ages, Knight was used as a given name before the Norman conquest, after which it became a term for a tenant farmer who defended his lord on horseback. As only those men of some stature owned horses, it became a term for a man of prominence, and later, was converted to an honorary title. Knopf: is a German and Jewish occupational name for the maker of buttons, or the man who lived by a rounded hillock. In the second case, it's a Place name. Kroeger: From the Middle Ages through colonial times - innkeepers and tavern owners were people of prominence in the community, and were the only place of refuge for travelers. More often than not, the host of the inn took that as a surname: Host and Hostler in England, in Germany it was Krueger, Krug, and Wurtz. The Dutch form was Kroeger. Kruse/Krusekopf: German Nickname...Kruse is a Low(land)German version of the surname Kraus, which -- along with Kruskopf -- was given as a nickname for one with curly hair. Kraus means curly. Cruise, (as in Tom Cruise) on the other hand, is an English nickname from the Middle English crouse=bold, fierce. Kyle: In early times, the man who lived by an important river was referred to by the name of the river. In England, the Kyle River was the "narrow" river. Kyle is an English Place name. L: LaCroux is a Provencal variation of the surname Cross: English Place name for the man who lived near the stone cross set up by the roadside or marketplace, from Old Norse kross. Cognitives include De(la)Croix, Croix, (French); Croux, Lacroux, Lacrouts, De(la)croux (Provencal); Croce, DellaCroce, Croci (Italian); Cruz (Spanish); Kreutzer, Kreuziger (German); Vercruysse (Flemish), Krzyzaniak (Polish), and Van der Kruijs (Dutch). Laird: is a Scottish name taken from the term used to describe the caretaker of land under which the peasant farmers rented land and sought protection during the height of the feudal period. The laird offered protection to the serfs who fought for him when attacked by neighboring lairds. They tended to raid each other often, for livestock, and as a relief for boredom. Lambert: English/French/German Place name from Old German land =land + berht = famous...literally, famous-land. Requested by Doug Strohl Lambkin/Lumpkin/Lamkin: English Patronymic names derived from "Little Lamb" which was a pet form of the given name Lambert (land, bright). Langdon: English Place Name...from settlements in Devon, Dorset, Essex, Kent, and Warwick in medieval times. It is derived from Old English lang+dun, which meant long hill. Langworthy: is an English Place name that is derived from two elements, -lang which meant 'long' and -worth which designated an enclosure or settlement. Langworthy was the man who hailed from the long settlement or enclosure. Requested by Lora Langworthy. Laporte: French version of the place name Port which described someone who lived near the gateway to the town, or by a harbour. Lapsley: is an English Patronymic name from the Old English given name, Hlappa + leah=woods, for a literal meaning of 'Hlappa's woods' or more specifically, 'Hlappa's clearing in the woods." Larson/Larkin/Lawson,/Lorenzo: The name Lawrence was derived from 'laurel' - symbol of victory, and was popularized by St. Lawrence, a papel deacon who was martyed in the Middle Ages. McLaren is the Scottish form of the name, Larson, Larkin, and Lawson are among the English variations and Lorenz is a German form. Spanish speaking languages are among those that would have Lorenz and Lorenzo as a variants of Lawrence, which is a Patronymic name -- from the name of the father with that given name. Law: is an English and Scottish Patronymic name from a Middle English pet form of the given name Lawrence; occasionally it is an English Place name for the name who lived by the hill, derived from Northern Middle English hlaw = hill or burial mound. Lawes and Lawson are traditional Patronymic versions of Law. Richard Law emigrated to America in 1638 and was one of the founders of Stamford, Connecticut. Lawton: English Place name from settlements common in Lancashire and Yorkshire, from Buglawton or Church Lawton in Cheshire, which derived their names from Old English hlaw = hill, burial mound + tun = enclosure, settlement. The literal meaning would be "hill settlement" and someone from that place might be identified as Lawton. Lee/Lea: The surname Lea is derived from the Old English word leah, which meant 'clearing in the woods' and the ending -ley- is the second-most common among English surnames. Lee and Lea were also the names of many small towns that were in the valley or the 'clearing in the woods.'There are other versions as well, posted on request. Requested by Stuart Lea. Lease is a variation of Lees, an English name that is derived from several sources, one of which is the same as Lee and Lea. In medieval times, the Old English word leah meant "wood" or "clearing" and the name Lee (or Lea) described the man who lived near a meadow, pasture, or patch of arable land. Leas/lees is the plural form of 'lee' which was the Middle English form of 'leah.' The man named Lees/Leas (and its variations) lived on or near the fields or pastures. Also, several settlements arose with the name Lee or Lees, and people who lived there were often described that way, when no other description was more appropriate. There is a Lees in Ashton-under-Lyne and a Leece in Barrow-in-Furness. Occasionally -- although somewhat rarely -- Lees is derived as an English Matronymic name. Names taken from the mother are pretty scarce, but in the case of Lees and Lease, some derived their name from the female given name Lece, a short form of Lettice. Finally, some with the name Lease or Lees are descended from Scots with the surname Gillies, where the first part of the name has been lost through aphesis, when a short beginning syllable is dropped through lazy pronunciation, as in squire, derived aphetically from esquire. Gillies is a Scottish Patronymic name from the Gaelic given name Gilla Iosa (servant of Jesus). Variations include Leese, Leece, Leish, Leishman, Leeson, Leason, Lesson, and Lisson. Leo is an Italian version of the English Nickname Lyon, given to the brave or fierce warrior, from the Old French lion, from Latin Leo/Leonis. Also it is taken from the given name Leo = lion, borne by numerous early martyrs and popes. English versions are Lion, and Leon, French are Lion, Leon; Italian versions are Leoni, Leone, Lione, Liuni, and Lio. The Spanish version is Leon, Portugese is Leao. Patronymic forms are Delion, De Leone, Di Lione, De Lionibus, De Leo, Di Leo, and Leoneschi. Leonard: Almost all given names that were around during Medieval times have continued through the ages as surnames. Leonard is one such name, the meaning of which is "lion, bold." Requested by Thomas Leonard. Lichtsinn: is a variant of the surname Licht, which is a German Occupational name for a chandler. It is derived from the German licht=light. Variations include Lichtner, Lichtmann, and Lichtzer, among others. Lindsey is a spelling variation of Lindsay, an English and Scottish Place name from Lindsey in Lincolnshire, first found in the form Lindissi, a derivative of the British name Lincoln. The Old English element eg=island was added since the area was virtually cut off from the surrounding fenland. Lincey and Linsey are other variations. Littlefield: English Place Name...Field comes from the Old English word feld which meant pasture or meadow that was flat and uncultivated. Littlefield is a place name given to one who lived near the small uncultivated meadow -- the 'little-field.' Requested by Alan Littlefield Logan: Scottish Place name and colonial frontier family, including General Benjamin Logan who founded Logan's Station (Stanford, KY). The name originated in the Scottish Lowlands, and designated the man who lived near the 'little hollow.' Long: English Descriptive name. During early times when surnames were being adopted, the man they called Long was especially tall and lanky. Lovell is an English diminutive variant of the name Low, when it meant a crafty or dangerous person, a Nickname derived from the Anglo-Norman French lou = wolf + -el, a diminutive suffix. Lovel and Lowell are variations. Lundquist: Swedish Acquired Name...Adopted when surnames became required; the Swedes acquiring surnames much later. Acquired names were chosen for a pleasing sound; Lundquist is literally "grove twig." Swedish immigrants to American often added Lund or qvist/quist to surnames because it gave the appearance of increased social status. Lundquist is simply a surname prefix with a suffix attached. Lux: may be the shortened form of Luxton, a place in Devon, England. The ending -ton came from Old English tun = settlement and Luke's town was eventually known as Luxton. M: Maier, Meyer, Meier, and Myer: were the principal officers in charge of large and important households in Germany, and often, an -s- was added as in Meyers and Myers. Later the term came to designate a sustantial farmer. Requested by Marilyn Meyer Roberts. Malone: is an Irish Patronymic name from the given name Malone (servant of St. John). Manke: Nicknames or descriptions of people often stuck as surnames, and many were none-too-politically-correct. Manke was what they called the man who was lame or crippled, and some wound up with it as a surname. Maitland: was a lot like England: Mait and Eng being terms for a grassy field. Eng-land became the name of the realm, and Mait-land became the name of the family that made their home in Eng-land. It's an English Place name. The name Markowski and many other versions are derived from the Latin Marcus, the given name of Mark the Evangelist, who authored the second Gospel. The etymology of Marcus is unknown, but it may come from the word Mars. It is an old and popular given name which constituted the origin of many surnames. Markowski is a Jewish version of the name, along with Markewitz, Markovski, Markovitz, and numerous others. Marshall: originally cared for the lord's horses, and acted as an early vet and farrier. Later on, the term evolved to describe an official in a noble's household in charge of the military affairs. It's an English Occupational name, either way. Martin is found in many sources: English, Scot, Irish, French, German, Czech, Flemish/Dutch, and Danish/Norwegian, and is from the personal name Martin derived from the Latin Martinus = Mars, the Roman god of fertility and war. A 4th century St. Martin of Tours was extremely popular, and made the name widespread throughout Europe, as one of the few Old English saints' names found in England before the Conquest. Martinez: Spanish Patronymic Name...St. Martin of Tours was the patron saint of France and made Martin the most common name in that country. As a saint (with a good festival, to boot) Martin was also popular around the world. In Spanish speaking countries, descendants of Martin were called Martinez. Matthews/Mathis: English Patronymic Name...Matthew means 'gift of Yahweh' as does Matthias -- both were popular first names in early times, and it is almost impossible to determine which derivatives came from which name...at any rate, Matthews and Mathews are English Patronymic names (from the father) and Mathis is the German counterpart. Matthews with the double-t was more popular in Wales. Mattingly: is an English Place name from an Old English personal name Matting + leah (clearing in the woods) which is literally, Matting's clearing in the woods. Requested by Karen Mattingly. Mayor, see also: Meyer/Meier: English Occupational Name...The head of a village or town was the mayor, often a position held for life. Henry Fitz Ailwin was the first mayor of London in 1193. Requested by: Bob Meyer McArdle/McArdell/McCardle: Scottish/English Patronymic Name...McArdle is an Anglicized version of gaelic Mac Ardghail which came from the given name Ardghal. That name is composed of ard = height + gal = valor, for high valor. Variations are McArdell and McCardle. Requested by Tim McArdle McCann: Scottish Patronymic name for the 'son of Annadh' whose name means 'storm.' McCleaft: Possibly derived from MacCleish, which is Anglicized from Mac Gill'losa which meant `son of the servant of Jesus," and is documented in Dumfrieshire as early as 1376. Requested by Kenneth McCleaft McClourghity: is an old Irish name, of which most have been Anglicized to one degree or another -- with McClourghity not quite as much as McCafferty, which is another version of Mac Eachmhareaigh, a patronymic surname from the given name Eachmharcach. If it wasn't Anglicized that way then his namesake son would have to sign his check: Eachmharcach Mac Eachmhareaigh, taking up so much space he could only write them for small amounts! Just kidding... McCracken: Irish Patronymic Name...An Irish sept or clan was a group of people living in the same area with the same surname, and most Irish names used the Mac or O' prefix, as well as the Norman inspired Fitz'. Most of the names were taken from the father's name (patronymic) although many dropped the prefix and most were Anglicized in America. Many Fitz prefixes were replaced with Mac. McCracken was the son of Neachtan, which meant 'pure one.' McDonald and McDonell are variations of the same surname, both Scottish Patronymic names derived from the Gaelic -- Mac Dhamhnuill, which means 'son of Domhnall,' a given name from the Gaelic elements dubno=world + val=rule. Other variations are McDonnell, McDonaill, McDonall, and McDaniel. My guess on MacEachern is a slightly Anglicized version of Mac Eachain, a Scottish Patronymic name from the Gaelic given name Eachan, which means 'each horse.' McGinnis/McEnnesse/McEnnis/McInnes/Maguinness/Magennis/Guinness: Irish Patronymic Name...the Mc designates 'son of' and a literal meaning of "Son of Guinness" which is anglicized. The Irish version was from the Gaelic Mag Aonghuis and the given name Aonghuis is anglicized to Angus. Requested by: Kathryn McGuinness McGowan is a Scottish and Irish Patronymic name from the Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Gobhann (Scottish) and Mac Gabhann (Irish) both from occupational nicknames for the village smith. It is also occasionally derived in Scotland from Mac Owein, a patronymic form of the given name Owen or Ewen. Variations include McGowing, McGowen, McGoune, Magowan, McAgown, McEgown, McIroine, and Gowans. McIntosh : is derived from MacIntosh, a Scottish occupational and patronymic name that means 'son of the chief or leader.' McKeever: is a variation of McIver which is a Scottish version of an Old Norse given name Ivarr derived from iw = bow + herr = army. The name was adopted at an early date by the Scots, Welsh, and Irish, and most cases indicate Celtic ancestry. Other variations include MacIvor, McIver, McEevor, McEever, McHeever, and McCure. Iverson is the Danish and Norwegian version, while the Swedes opted for Ivarsson and Iwarsson. McKinley: derived from the given name Finlay a Gaelic tribal leader, whose name came from the given name, Fionnla 'fair hero.' McLean: Scottish Patronymic from MacLean, 'son of the servant of St. John.' McMurtry: possibly Irish Patronymic names, from Anglicized versions of the Gaelic given name Muircheartach, derived from muir = sea + ceardach = skilled, to mean 'skilled navigator of the sea.' The Patronymic forms are McMoriertagh, McMurihertie, McMiritee, McMreaty, and McMearty. McNeilly: Scottish Patronymic name from the 'son of Neil' whose name means 'champion.' McQuaig, McQuade, MacQuaid, McQuoide: Scottish/Irish Patronymic Name... The Gaelic given name Wat (pronounced wait, and the same as Walter). The name Walter was brought by the Normans and derived from Wald , meaning rule, and theri , meaning army. Mac Uaid was the son of Wat (Walter). The Anglicized version took many forms, some of which dropped the Mac, and many of which arranged the vowels in combination. Many Gaelic consonants were used interchangeably. McVie is another variation of the Scottish Patronymic name McBeth, from the Gaelic personal name Mac Beatha which meant 'son of life,' that is - man of religion. Other versions are McBeath, McBeith, McBay, McVay, McVey, McVeagh, McVie, McAbee. Meacham: English occupational name from Machin, derived from Anglo-Norman French machun, which designated the stone mason. Mercer: English Occupational Name...Mercer was the one who dealt in silks, velvet, and expensive materials, although the term was sometimes applied to merchants in general. Merlo: derived from the Old French word merle = blackbird -- Merle was used as a French Nickname for simplicity, or for the catcher of blackbirds. Miles: English Patronymic name by way of Old French and the given name Milo, or occasionally from the given name Michael. Miles is also infrequently derived as an occupational name from the servant or retainer called a miles in medieval times. Mill: In Medieval times, an center in every village or settlement was the mill, where people took their corn to be ground into flour. The man who worked at the mill, and sometimes the miller himself, might come to be known as Mill, or a variant of the name. In fact, the most common form of Mill is Mills. It has cognative forms in almost every language. Miller: English Occupational Name for the man who operated the mill from the Middle English term mille. Requested by Darryl Rogers Mitchell is an English, Scot, and Irish Patronymic name from the given name Michel, the regular vernacular form of Michael. Variants are Mitchel and Michell, while the English patronymic version takes the form of Mitchelson or Michelson. Mitter: German place name for the farmer whose land was in the middle of two other, particularly when the farmers had the same given name. It's from Middle High German, mitte = middle, and could be used as in Hans mitte, or the Hans in the middle. Mixon/Mix/Mixson: English Patronymic Name...The archangel Michael was the patron of the 12th century Crusades, and the name Michael was a favorite as a result. 'Of Michael' or 'of Mich/Mick' denoted the son. Mix and Mixon/Mixson also denote son of Mick or Michael. Requested by: Debra Mixon Mogk: English Patronymic Name from the Old English personal name Mawa, which was used to describe an important local personality in the settlement or village. Moore is an English Place name for the man who lived on a moor, in a fen, or any of the various settlements with this name -- derived from their location near the moor or fen. It comes from the Old English mor. Occasionally, Moore is a nickname for the person with swarthy complexion, from Old French more = Moor/Negro, and sometimes Moore is derived from the Gaelic O'Mordha (descendant of Mordha, a name that meant 'great' or 'proud' in Gaelic) and Anglicized to Moore. Lastly, Moore can be a Scottish or Welsh Nickname for the big man, from Welsh mawr = big, great. Moran is a variant of the English and French surname Morant, which is an old given name of unknown etymology, but believed to mean 'steadfast' or 'enduring.' When of Irish descent, Moran is derived by Anglicizing O' Morain, (descendant of Moran), which usually has its accent on the first syllable, as opposed to the English and French version's second syllable accent. Morgan is a Patronymic name of Welsh, Scot, and Irish origin -- from an old Celtic given name (Morien in Wales) composed of elements meaning sea + bright. Morgan is one of the most common, and oldest of the Welsh names. There is a Scottish Clan Morgan established in medieval times with connections to the McKays, and was likely developed independently of the Welsh surname. The Irish version is from O'Murchan or O'Morghane, from the Gaelic O'Murchain. Moriarty/Moirerdagh/Muirihertie: Irish Occupational Name...from very old Celtic terms muir =sea and cheardach =good navigator. Settled in County Kerry, on both sides of Castlemaine Harbor. The name is an anglicized version of Muircheardach or O'Muircheardach, with a literal meaning of skilled navigator of the sea. Variations include McMoirerdagh, and McMuirihertie. Requested by: Erina Moriarty Morin: French surname for a dark complexion or dark-haired person; Moring may be a variation. The French Nickname Morin became Moreno in Italy and Spain. Requested by Mark Moring. Morris: Welsh/English/Scottish/Irish Patronymic name from the French given name Maurice which was introduced at the time of the Norman conquest. Requested by Jennifer Morris Muldowney: Irish Patronymic name from the descendant of Dunadhach, the fortress holder, Gaelic maol = chief + dun = low hill. Requested by Brian Muldowney Murdock: English Patronymic name derived from the old Irish name Murdoch (seaman) which was introduced into England before the Conquest. N-O Nagel/Naher/Nager/Neher/Nader: German occupational name for the tailor. Nahen = to sew. Many of these names are also spelled with two dots over the first vowel. (umlaut) Nelson is an English Patronymic name derived either from the given name Nell or Neil, both of which originated from the Irish given name Niall. It means literally -- Niall's son. It is believed to have meant 'champion' and was brought to England from Ireland by Scandinavian settlers where the 'son of Niall' became known as Niall's son, or Nelson. Niblett: English Nickname...Niblett comes from a Middle English word nibbe which meant 'beak,' and was a nickname for someone with a prominent nose. Some of the nicknames that stuck as surnames were none too kind, but by comparison, this is fairly mild. Requested by John Saulsbury Niblett Nigro: is a cognizant of Noir, a French nickname for someone with notably dark hair or complexion, from the Old French noir = black. LeNoir is a variant of the name as well. Niziolek: Polish Nickname...The small or thin man often was referred to by a descriptive word that wound up as a surname -- Niziolek is the Polish version; Littell, Lytle, Short, and Cline are among the English counterparts. Northrop/Northrup: English Place Name...An old Danish word termination was -thorpe which designated 'outlying farmstead or hamlet' was corrupted into -throp and -thrup in early England. North-thorpe -- the north farm -- became Northrop and Northrup as an English place name. Nuccio: The surname John is universally found, from the Hebrew name Yochanan which meant 'God has favored me with a son.' Each language had its own versions of John and the Italians used a good many, including Giovannelli, Gianelli, Gianiello, Gianilli, and Giannucci, among dozens of others. Giannucci often became Nussi, Nuzzi, and Nucci, to which the final -O- completed Nuccio. Nugent: Derived from the French nogent which designated the 'fair, wet meadow' and was the name of several towns. It's a French Place name. O'Connell: Irish Patronymic Name...it originated with the grandson of Conall, whose name meant 'world mighty.' O'Dungan is Anglicized from O'Donnagain, which mean 'descendant of Donnagan' a diminutive form of a personal name that meant 'dark' or 'brown.' Donegan is the most common spelling, with variants Dunnigan, Doonican, Dunegain, O'Donegan, and O'Donegaine. Olejnicazk/Olejniczak: Polish Patronymic/Occupational Name...There a few names that are patronymic (from the father's name) that originate from the father's occupation. The Polish name Olejnicazk/Olejniczak came from the 'son of the maker of oil from seeds for food purposes.' Kind of an Olestra forebear, I guess. (just kidding!) Oliver: is both an English and a French surname, although the French version is often seen as Olivier. It's a Patronymic name from the given name Oliver, which means 'elf, host.' Requested by Suzy Oliver. Olney: is an English Place name derived from Old English ollaneg, which meant island of Olla. Otter/Otterman: While many animal names derived from the pictures on the roadside inns during the Middle Ages, the surnames Otter and Otterman aren't among those. Otter is a corruption of the Old English names Otthar or Othere, which meant "terrible army." I don't know if that means 'terribly mean army' or just 'terribly bad army." Just kidding...I'm sure Otthar could throw a spear with the best of them! P-Q Paris/Parris: French Place Name...Paris is the name taken by many who originated in that French city, named for the Gaultic tribe Parisii . Parker: English Occupational name for the man who was the gamekeeper at the medieval park. Parks: English Occupational name, along with Park, for the dweller in the enclosed woods which was stocked with game for royal use. Payne: is a derivative of Pain, which is an English Patronymic name from the Middle English given name Pain. It comes from the Old French Paien, which came from Latin Paganus -- where pagus meant outlying village. To make the long story short (or to wrap up an already long explanation of its origin), Pain was a civilian instead of a soldier and lived in an outlying area. Derivatives include Paine, Payne, Payen and Payan. Pawlik/Pawlicki/Pawlak/Pavlik: Polish Patronymic Name...derive from the given name Paul, which was a popular item around the surname-acquiring period. When the spelling used a V as in Pavlik -- the name has the same derivation, but its origin would be Ukrainian. Payton is an English Place name from Peyton in Sussex, which got its name from the Old English given name Poega + tun = settlement, enclosure, meaning literally" Poega's settlement." Pearce: and its variations: Pearce, Pearse, Piers, Peers, Perce, Persse, Perris, (and others) are derived from the English given name Piers, which is a form of the name Peter. Pearsall /Piersol: (and its variations) refer to a medieval English place called Per's Valley and one who lived there or nearby often became known as Pearsall. Requested by Nicki Piersol-Freedman Pennebaker/Pennebakker/Pannebakker: Dutch Occupational Name...Pennebaker evolved from the Dutch penne = tile + bakker = baker; literally tile-baker. The Pannebakker family shield motto is: Mein Siegel ist ein Ziegel - "My Seal is a Tile." September 15, 1463 an edict in Holland forbade thatch and straw roofing and required tiles, making the tile-making a busy trade. Submitted by Paul Pannebakker Perkins: is a Welsh Patronymic name derived from the given name Peter, which was introduced into the area with William the Conqueror. There were many other varieties in England, but Perkins was most popular in Wales. Perry: Henry was a popular name during the Middle Ages when surnames were adopted, and one of its pet forms was Harry. To point out a lad who was the 'son of Harry' a person might say "Yon is ap Harry." As a result, ap Harry eventually evolved into Perry for some who adopted the surname. It's an English Patronymic name. Requested by Sean Perry. Petrie: Scottish Patronymic name that is derived from the given name Peter. As a given name, Peter became popular after the Norman conquest of England, and Peter was often used as a surname by itself. Petrie is a dimunitive form of Peter, that was more popular in Scotland. Phelps: In the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries were French kings named Philip, which helped to popularize the name. Among the English variations of Philip, which means 'lover of horses' is Phelps. Phillips/Philips: Philip was an extremely popular name in medieval times -- Philip was one of the apostles, and four French kings were named Philip from the 11th to the 13th century. The name -- which means 'lover of horses' -- came into England from France at the time of the conquest. Philips is patronymic (named after the father Philip, whose sons would be referred to as Philip's sons). The common Welsh and English version of the surname is spelled with two l's, giving the descendants the surname Phillips. Phillips is a variation of the English, French, Dutch/Flemish, and Danish/Norwegian Patronymic name Phillip/Philip from the Greek name Philippos and elements philein = to love + hippos = horse. Its popularity seems to have been due to medieval stories about Alexander the Great, whose father was Philip of Macedon. Variations are Philipp, Phillip, Philp, Phelp, Phalp (English); Philippe, Phelip, Felip, Phelit, Philip, Phalip (French); Filip (Flemish/Dutch). There are numerous other diminutive, patronymic, and cognative forms. Pillsbury: English place name and refers to Pil's fort, a place of safety during medieval times. Requested by Peter Hebert Pinson: It's an English nickname based on an Old French word -- pinson -- which meant finch, and was used to describe a cheerful person. Pitt: English Place name...OE pytt ; a pit, hollow, or low valley Poe: is a variant of the English nickname Peacock, which described the man who seemed to strut about, or was brightly fashioned. The Flemish version is DePauw/Depaeuw, and the Dutch version is DePaauw. Requested by Cynthia Lux. Poisson is a French diminutive version of an Italian Occupational name (Pesce) which was given to the fisherman, or fish seller. Peschi is a variation of Pesce, and other French versions include Poisson, Poissonnet, Poissenot, Poyssenot. Poll: is an ancient Gaelic word that means 'pool, pit' and the name Poll would describe the man who lived near the deep pool of water. It's a Place name of Gaelic origin. Pollard: derived from two sources: the Englishman with a closely-cropped or shorn head was described as 'pollard' and for some the name stuck as an English Descriptive name. Other Pollard families were those who lived near the head or the end of the lake, and wound up with an English Place name. Pomeroy is a French Place name given to the person from any of the several locations in France by that name, generally spelled similar to pomeroie, which was Old French for 'apple orchard.' The Pomeroy family of Devon can trace their heritage to a close associate of William the Conqueror, Ralph de la Pomerai, whose descendants lived for over 500 years in a castle near Totnes, Devon. Powers: English Descriptive name for the man who had little money. There were many more Powers and Poors in early times, than Richs. Pratt: English Place name derived from the word used to describe a grassy field during early times. The man who lived there was sometimes referred to as Pratt. Requested by William Hopkins. Preston is a Northern English Place name from the numerous locations, including Lancashire) derived from Old English preost = Priest + tun = enclosure, used to described a village held by the church or village with a priest. Prochazka: is a Czech Occupational name for the travelling tradesman, especially the travelling butcher. It is derived from Czech prochazet=to walk, stroll, or saunter. It is among the most common Czech surnames. Provost: English Occupational name...During the Middle Ages serfs elected one of their own to oversee the work on their lord's manor. One title for the position was Provost. It's considered an Occupational name. Requested by Nick Stamos. Pruitt: English Descriptive Name...Pruitt is a diminutive derivative of an old English term meaning bold, impetuous, brave, soldier. Requested by: Paul Pruitt Punnett: One version is that it comes from Pugnator or a person who is a fist fighter or boxer. We have tracked back to the 1600's in Punnetts Town in Sussex England, but believe the family originally came from Belgium or Normandy. Submitted by Chris Punnett. Putnam: English Place Name...Many English villages were described by attributes, and some surnames were adaptations of those locales. Putta's Homestead was one such settlement and some residents described themselves as being Putnam. Requested by: Glenn Bradford Quaite, Quate, Quade, McQuade, MacQuaid, McQuoide: Scottish/Irish Patronymic Name...The Gaelic given name Wat (pronounced wait, and the same as Walter). The name Walter was brought by the Normans and derived from Wald , meaning rule, and theri , meaning army. Mac Uaid was the son of Wat (Walter). The Anglicized version took many forms, some of which dropped the Mac, and many of which arranged the vowels in combination. Quigg/Quigley/Quigley/Quick/Quickley: English Nickname for an agile person, from Middle English quik or Old English cwic = lively. The surname is also sometimes derived from the place where cinch grass grew – it was a quick-growing grass. Quick and its variations were also derived occasionally from Old English cu = cow + wic = outlying settlement, for the man at the dairy farm. Quinton: English Place Name...Quinton was the name given to several locations in Gloucester, Northants, and Birmingham that derived from Old English cwen = queen + tun = enclosure, settlement. The name is patronymic when derived from the Old French given name Quentin (Quintin) from Latin Quninus and Quintus meaning fifth(born). The name was introduced by the Normans but never really caught on. Finally, Quinton sometimes derived from a Norman location named for St. Quentin of Amiens, a third Century Roman missionary. Requested by Victoria Quinton. R Rabinovich and Ravinovitch are versions of the Jewish Status name Rabin from the Polish rabin = rabbi. Variations include Rabinerson, Rabinsohn, Robinsohn, Robinzon, Rabinow, Robinov, Rabinowicz and others. Ragsdale: is an English Place name comprised of the elements rag = rough + dale = valley, for a literal translation of 'rough valley.' The letter -S- is added to many names and elements to make them easier to pronounce. Ramirez: is a Spanish cognizant of Reinmar, a German Patronymic name from ragin = counsel + meri = fame. The Spanish version was Ramiro, from which the patronymic derivative Ramirez evolved. Ramsey: is a Scottish place name in Essex and Huntingdonshire from Old English hramsa=wild garlic + eg=island or low land, for a literal meaning of 'wild garlic island.' Someone who lived near the spot where the wild garlic grew became known as Ramsey. Randall/Randolph: English Patronymic name from the early given name Raedwulf, which means 'shield wolf.' It was popular in England before the Norman Conquest. The name eventually became Radulf and Randolph and Randall are among the derivatives. Requested by Jennifer Turnbull Ray/Rey/Wray: English Nickname/Place Name...Ray is polygenetic in that it has several sources. One version is an English nickname from Old French rey or roy meaning king, to designate someone who had regal airs (not necessarily regal heirs!). It was also from the Middle English word ray which meant female deer (Ray -- a deer, a female deer...) and was given as a nickname to one who was timid. It also derived from the places Rye and Wray -- for people who were from there. Rayner/Raynor: French Patronymic name, from the Norman given name Rainer, which was derived from ragin = counsel + hari = army. Requested by Kathy Alsobrooks Ready/Reed: Scottish Patronymic Name...of the Scotsman Reedie in Angus. Also, in some cases, a Descriptive English name, as in -- always ready. Sometimes, meaning the descendent of Little Read (red), the nickname for a redhead, or the pet form of Redmond "counsel, protection." Requested by: Kathleen Cocuzzo Redman is polygenetic, derived independantly from surnames Read and Roth. When arriving from the former it originates from the Old English read = red and designated the man with the red hair or ruddy complexion. The softening of the -E- sound in OE read to modern English red is not well-explained. Variations of Read are Reade, Reed, Redd, Reid, Redman, Readman, Ride, Ryde, and Ryder. Roth is the German Nickname and Jewish Assumed Ornamental Name for the person with red hair, derived from German rot = red. Variants are Rothe, Rother, and the Jewish variations are Roter, Roiter, Royter, among others. Reece: There was a family in the south of Wales that favored the given name Rhys: one was Rhys ap Tudor (Rhys the son of Tudor) who led men in stopping the advance of the Normans into South Wales. His grandson was Rhys ap Gruffydd (Rhys of Gruffydd) who became so powerful that he was appointed King's Judiciar for Wales by King Henry II of England. As heroes, they were responsible for a lot of given names, of which some translated into surnames. Reece, Reese, and Rice were all derived as Welsh Patronymic names from the given name Rhys. Reichenberg is a Ashkenazic Jewish ornamental surname derived of the elements reich(en) = rich + berg = hill -- literally 'rich hill.' Ornamental surnames were taken for their pleasing sound rather than any significant meaning, and occured when nationalities such as the European Jews and the Swedes adopted surnames in the 1800's. Reid/Reed: Scottish Patronymic Name...English nickname from OE read (red) for red hair or complexion. Reyes: is from the Old French rey=king, and is a nickname for the man who carried himself in a regal fashion, or sometimes - a timid person. Richmond: English Place Name. William the Conqueror brought many French names with him, including Richemont "lofty mountain" which was Anglicized to Richmond. Rigg/Riggs/Ridge/Ruge English Place Name...The person who lived at the ridge or at a range of hills was known in England by various names, including: Rigg, Riggs, Ruge, and Ridge. These names also derive from small settlements by these names within the British Isles. Requested by Bill Rigg Robinson: The Normans brought the French given name Robert to England at the time of the Conquest. It means 'fame, bright' and was derived from the Old German Hrodebert. Rob, Hob, and Dob were pet forms of the name, and from Rob a number of surnames were derived -- including the English Patronymic name Robinson. Requested by Harley Robinson Rodriguez is a Spanish version of the given name Hrodrick, comprised of the Germanic elements hrod = reknown + ric = power. The Spanish form of the given name is Rodrigo, and the Patronymic form is Rodriguez, meaning 'son of Rodrigo.' Rogers: English/French Patronymic name from the given name Roger which was brought to England by the Normans as Rogier. Its elements are hrod = renown + geri = spear, or `reknowned spearman.' Requested by Darryl Rogers Round/Rounds: When surnames were adopted, sometimes nicknames stuck as in the case of Round and Rounds, which were English Descriptive surnames for the person who was about as wide as he was tall. Requested by Marcus Round. Rundle: In the Middle Ages, when surnames were being adopted, some were Nicknames that neighbors or relatives pinned on a man to help identify him from others with the same first name. Sometimes they were cruel, s