Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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ku-eichstaett
JOACHIM GRZEGA
ADIEU, BYE-BYE, CHEERIO: THE ABC OF LEAVE-TAKING TERMS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY

(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1051.pdf
Abstract

The article gives a chronological overview of the leave-taking terms in English language history. In a second approach the leave-taking terms are classified according to the motivation that is the basis for a specific coinage. Expressive expressions, wishes for God’s protection and wishes for a good time or health are shown to be especially prominent. Furthermore, there are a few loan expressions. The article also tries to explain words and phrases whose origin is unclear: "73" is shown to be an unmotivated, accidental Morse expression; "So long" is considered a Norwegian loan translation; evidence is given to see the origin "Good-bye" in the phrase "God buy you". It also shows that many phrases become phonetically reduced (and opaque) and/or semantically "void", which forces the speech community (or particular groups to invent new phrases.
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... We still have Fr. "adieu" = "to God", It. "addio" (dito), Sp. "adios" (dito), G.dial. "Grüß Gott" = "may God greet [you]".
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bid (W3)

Das engl. "bid" hat zwei Ursprünge.

Das "bid" = "entbieten" ("bid farewell" = "Gruß entbieten") geht zurück über altengl. "biddan" = "bitten", "fragen", "fordern" zurück auf vorgerm. "*bithjan" = "bitten" und ide. "*bhidh-" = "befehlen", "überreden", "glauben" (griech. "peithein" = "überreden", "überzeugen", "pistis" = "Glaube"; lat. "fidere" = "trauen", "vertrauen", lat. "foedus" = "Bestimmung", "Gesetz", "Anordnung").

Das zweite engl. "bid" = "bieten" geht über altengl. "beodan" = "anbieten", "erklären", "ausrufen", zurück auf vorgerm. "*biudanan" = "to ausstrecken", "greifen", "präsentieren", (dt. "bieten") und ide. "*bh(e)udh-" = "anbieten". Über sanskrit "bodhati" = "sich einer Sache bewußt sei", "aufmerksam sein", "bemerken" hängt es zusammen mit "buddhah" = "erleuchtet" ("Buddha" = "der Erleuchtete"); (O.C.S. "bljudo" = "to observe"; Lith. "budeti" = "to be awake"; O.Ir. "buide" = "contentment", "thanks").

(E?)(L?) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bid
(E?)(L?) http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=bid


BT (W3)

"BT" steht für "Britisch Telecom".

(E?)(L?) http://www.bt.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www2.bt.com/edq_resnamesearch
Telefonbuch der Britisch Telecom

Bye-Bye

(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1051.pdf
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"the derivation of "Good-bye" from "God be with you" is well documented formally and semantically.
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Cheerio

(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1051.pdf
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"Cheer(i)o" – According to the OED the verb "cheer" (= "hurra rufen", "jubeln") was suffixed with the interjection "o" and later influenced by "cheery". An influence of "Hello" instead of "O" also seems possible.
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contact (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/contact


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galavant, gallivant (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.bartleby.com/61/36/G0013600.html
(E?)(L?) http://www.bartleby.com/61/14/G0021400.html
Das engl. "galavant" oder "gallivant" das etwa "Unterhaltung suchen", "flirten" bedeutet, ist vermutlich eine Abwandlung von "gallant" = "höflich", "ritterlich", "amourös".

ETYMOLOGY: Perhaps alteration of gallant.

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hello (W3)

Definitive original research puts the origin of "hello" to Edison in 1877.
Bei "collectorcafe" findet man einen mehrseitigen Artikel über das erste "hello:

(E1)(L1) http://www.collectorcafe.com/article_archive.asp?article=800&id=1508
The First "Hello!": Thomas Edison, the Phonograph and the Telephone – Part 1
Recently, Robert Feinstein found references to this word which intrigued us - namely that Thomas Edison originated and popularized the word "Hello" on the telephone. From this beginning, the research department at APM has been working overtime and has uncovered some astonishing links between this now classic greeting and the birth of two pivotal and related inventions of the 19th century - the telephone and the phonograph.
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Dagegen scheint das "Oxford English Dictionary" anderer Auffassung zu sein:

The earliest appearance of the word "hello" was given as 1883, in a book by John Hay entitled ‘Breadwinners’ (which had appeared monthly in Century Magazine). There the word was used in conversation: "Hello, Andy! you asleep?" Well, the game was now afoot who was right - the Oxford or Francis Jehl?

Just to be on the safe side, we contacted the editors of the OED in England to see if any earlier dates had turned up since the set was printed - and to explain a puzzling 1854 reference in the Shorter OED. We were informed that the 1854 given was a "rogue date" (incorrect), and that 1883 was the earliest verified date they had.
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 (aus einem Beitrag des ADS)

(E1)(L1) http://www.word-detective.com/
(E1)(L1) http://www.wordorigins.org/


(E?)(L?) http://www.elite.net/~runner/jennifers/
Greetings ("hello") in more than 800 languages

At Jennifer's Language Page you can learn how to say several words and phrases in hundreds of different languages.
Wondering how to say "hello" in Danish or "thank you" in Kurdish? Jennifer has a great collection of how to say common words and phrases in different languages with an extensive list of links to similar pages.

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invite (W3)

Das engl. "invite" = "einladen" findet man schon als lat. "invitare" = "einladen".

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mail (W2)

(E?)(L?) http://www.digi-info.de/webimpressum
(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/topicalwords/tw-mai1.htm
Das mittelalterliche engl. "mail" bzw. "male" war eine Reisetasche (vgl. frz. "la malle" = "Reisekoffer"). Im 17.Jh. nahm "mail" es die Bedeutung für eine "Tasche zur Aufbewahrung von Briefen" an. Und allmählich bezog man den Begriff für die Tasche auf deren Inhalt.

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Penny-Porto (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm71.html
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1837 schlug der Engländer Rowland Hill (* Kidderminster 1795, † Hampstead [bei London] 1879), ein vormaliger Lehrer und späterer Generalpostmeister, dem Parlament die Einführung eines einheitlichen Portosatzes von einem Penny für den Brief vor. Seinen Vorschlag veröffentlichte Hill in einem Privatdruck mit dem Titel "Post 0ffice Reform; its importance and practibility", London 1837. Im August 1839 wurde vom britischen Parlament die "Ein-Penny-Grundgebühr" gesetzlich anerkannt. Ab 10. Januar 1840 galt im ganzen Empire das "Penny-Porto", und am 6. Mai 1840 wurden in Großbritannien die für den allgemeinen Gebrauch bestimmten ersten aufklebbaren Postwertzeichen (zu 1 Penny schwarz und 2 Pence blau) ausgegeben. Dieser Tag gilt als der offizielle "Tag der Einführung der ersten Briefmarke in der Welt".
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PLC (W3)

"PLC" steht für "PowerLine Communication", einer Technik, mit der Sprache, Daten und Video über das Stromnetz übertragen werden können.

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she (W2)

(E2)(L1) http://www.americandialect.org/index.php/amerdial/1999_words_of_the_year_word_of_the_1990s_word_of_the_20th_century_word_of_t/
Word of the Past Millennium was "she".

Yes, "she", the feminine pronoun. Before the year 1000, there was no "she" in English; just "heo", which singular females had to share with plurals of all genders because it meant "they" as well. In the twelfth century, however, "she" appeared, and "she" has been with us ever since. "She" may derive from the Old English feminine demonstrative pronoun "seo" or "sio", or from Viking invasions.

The Oxford English Dictionary explains:

The phonetic development of various dialects had in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries rendered the pronouns "he" (masc.) and "heo" (fem.) almost or wholly indistinguishable in pronunciation. There was therefore, where these dialects were spoken, a strong motive for using the unambiguous feminine demonstrative instead of the feminine personal pronoun. Further, the districts in which "she" or "sho" first appears in the place of "heo" are marked by the abundance of Scandinavian elements in the dialect and place-names; and in Old Norse the demonstrative pronoun (of all genders) is often used as a personal pronoun.

snailmail

(E?)(L?) http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/snailmail.html
Normal postal mail, where an actual physical letter or package is delivered. The term didn't exist until electronic mail (e-mail) became so prevalent that there was a requirement to differentiate the two. Obviously, the term was invented by e-mail aficionados as a small barb directed at the relative slowness of physical transportation.

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talk, tale, tell, taal (W3)

(E2)(L1) http://www.bartleby.com/61/52/T0025200.html
(E2)(L1) http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE81.html
(E1)(L1) http://www.cornelsen.de/teachweb/1.c.42715.de?parentID=1.c.142406.de
(E1)(L1) http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=talk&searchmode=none
Das engl. "talk" = "reden", "sprechen" geht gemeinsam mit "tale" = "Erzählung", "Bericht" und engl. "tell" = "sagen", "erzählen" auf ein idg. "*dol" = "erzählen", "zählen" zurück. Als altengl. Form findet man "tellan" = "count", "recount", als germ. Form hat man die Form "*tal" bzw. "*taljan" konstruiert.

(E?)(L?) http://www.ned.univie.ac.at/publicaties/taalgeschiedenis/en/
Im Niederländischen findet man "taal" = "Sprache", "Rede".

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you, thou, ye, y'all - Höflichkeitspronomen (W3)

(E1)(L1) http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/ASSidUE/ASSidUE18.pdf
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Jespersens Hypothese ist außerdem korrekt insofern, als die direkt an Frankreich angrenzenden Königshöfe die Konvention der höflichen Anrede mit der 2PL etwa zur gleichen Zeit (Mittelalter) oder etwas später übernommen haben. Im Englischen wurde die T/V Distinktion auf der Basis der 2PL durch den Sprachkontakt mit der französischsprachigen normannischen Oberschicht in England im 12. Jht. übernommen. Sie breitete sich in der mittelenglischen Periode (12.-15.Jht.) aus.
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Zu signifikanten formalen Umgestaltungen im Paradigma kommt es jedoch dann, wenn Höflichkeitspronomina ihre alte Funktion verlieren, oder in den Funktionsbereich eines anderen Pronomen in dem Paradigma eindringen. Im Mittelenglischen gab es einen etablierten Kontrast zwischen 2SG.FAM "thou" und 2SG.HON "ye" / "you". Wie im Französischen wurde die letztere auch für die 2PL verwendet (wobei in der 2PL die HON-FAM-Distinktion neutralisiert war). Gegen Ende der mittelenglischen Periode wurde der asymmetrische Gebrauch von "you" für die höfliche Anrede immer stärker generalisiert. Zugleich bekam der ebenfalls asymmetrische Gebrauch von "thou" eine immer stärker pejorative Bedeutung, bis man "thou" nur noch in ganz wenigen Kontexten religiöser Art überhaupt gebrauchen konnte.
Das Resultat dieser Entwicklung war, daß die Numerusdistinktion in der zweiten Person neutralisiert wurde, und daß zugleich die HON-Distinktion in der zweiten Person ebenfalls neutralisiert wurde und zwar durch das Eindringen von "you" in die Domäne der ursprünglichen 2SG.FAM "thou". Die Neutralisierung zumindest des so wichtigen Numeruskontrastes in der zweiten Person wird offensichtlich nicht toleriert.

Im US-amerikanischen Englisch wird die Numerusdistinktion wieder hergestellt durch Ausdrücke wie you guys, y'all, und einige andere. Das numerusindifferent "you" wird durch nominale Ausdrücke wie "guys" oder Quantoren wie "all" repluralisiert. Ein häufig beobachtbarer Vorgang in Personalpronomina. Die Form "y'all" wird im Südosten der USA inzwischen sogar als 2SG.HON verwendet, was ganz sicher ohne europäischen Einfluß bzw. Sprachkontakt erklärt werden muß.
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Buecher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Brown, Penelope
Politeness
Some Universals in Language Usage
(Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics)

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521313554/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521313554/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521313554/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521313554/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521313554/etymologetymo-20
Taschenbuch: 352 Seiten
Verlag: Cambridge University Press; Auflage: Reissue (Juni 1987)
Sprache: Englisch

Synopsis
This study is about the principles for constructing polite speech. The core of it first appeared in "Questions and Politeness", edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a new introduction which surveys the now considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests new directions for research. The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures. Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction.

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Finkenstaedt, Thomas
You und Thou
Studien zur Anrede im Englischen

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110002019/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110002019/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110002019/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110002019/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110002019/etymologetymo-20
1963
Berlin: De Gruyter
(Mit einem Exkurs über die Anrede im Deutschen)
Gebundene Ausgabe

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Locher, Miriam A.
Power and Politeness in Action
Disagreement in Oral Communication

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110180073/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110180073/etymologety0f-21
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(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110180073/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110180073/etymologetymo-20
(Language, Power, and Social Process, 12)
"The aim of this study is to shed light on two phenomena that are both important in face-to-face interaction: power and politeness ..." (mehr)

Broschiert: 365 Seiten
Verlag: Gruyter; Auflage: 1 (Januar 2004)
Sprache: Englisch
Berlin, NY: Mouton de Gruyter

Synopsis
This study investigates the interface of power and politeness in the realization of disagreements in naturalistic language data. Power and politeness are important phenomena in face-to-face interaction. Disagreement is an arena in which these two key concepts are likely to be observed together. Both disagreement and the exercise of power entail a conflict. At the same time, conflict will often be softened by the display of politeness. The material for analysis comes from three different contexts: (1) a sociable argument in an informal, supportive, and interactive family setting; (2) a business meeting among colleagues at a research institution; and (3) examples from public discourse collected during the US Election in 2000.

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Rickheit, Gert
Situated Communication

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/311018897X/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/311018897X/etymologety0f-21
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(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/311018897X/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/311018897X/etymologetymo-20
Ed. by Gert Rickheit / Ipke Wachsmuth

This volume contains a selection of studies from the Collaborative Research Center "Situated Artificial Communicators". The contributions focus on different aspects of human-human and human-machine interaction in situations which closely model everyday workplace demands. The interdisciplinary approach integrates theory, description, and experimentation with simulation and evaluation.

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Watts, Richard J. (Hg., Vorwort) / Ide, Sachiko (Hg) / Ehlich, Konrad (Hg)
Politeness
Key Topics in Sociolinguistics

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521794064/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521794064/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521794064/etymologetymo-21
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(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521794064/etymologetymo-20
"Most of us are fairly sure we know what we mean when we describe someone's behaviour as 'polite' ..." (mehr)

Broschiert: 305 Seiten
Verlag: Cambridge University Press (25. September 2003)
Sprache: Englisch

Synopsis
During the last fifteen years, existing models of linguistic politeness have generated a huge amount of empirical research. Using a wide range of data from real-life speech situations, this new introduction to politeness breaks away from the limitations of current models and argues that the proper object of study in politeness theory must be commonsense notions of what politeness and impoliteness are. From this, Watts argues, a more appropriate model, one based on Bourdieu's concept of social practice, is developed. The book aims to show that the terms 'polite' and 'impolite' can only be properly examined as they are contested discursively. In doing so, 'polite' and 'impolite' utterances inevitably involve their users in a struggle for power. A radically new account of linguistic politeness, the book will appeal to students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines, in linguistics and the social sciences.

Synopsis
The second edition of this collection of 13 original papers contains an updated introductory section detailing the significance that the original articles published in 1992 have for the further development of research into linguistic politeness into the 21st century. The original articles focus on the phenomenon of politeness in language. They present the most important problems in developing a theory of linguistic politeness, which must deal with the crucial differences between lay notions of politeness in different cultures and the term 'politeness' as a concept within a theory of linguistic politeness. The universal validity of the term itself is called into question, as are models such as those developed by Brown and Levinson, Lakoff, and Leech. New approaches are suggested. In addition to this theoretical discussion, an empirical section presents a number of case studies and research projects in linguistic politeness. These show what has been achieved within current models and what still remains to be done, in particular with reference to cross-cultural studies in politeness and differences between a Western and a non-Western approach to the subject. The publication of this second edition demonstrates that the significance of the collection is just as salient in the first decade of the new millennium as it was at the beginning of the 1990s.

Watts, Richard J. (Hg., Vorwort) / Ide, Sachiko (Hg) / Ehlich, Konrad (Hg)
Politeness in Language
Studies in Its History, Theory and Practice

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110183005/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110183005/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110183005/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110183005/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110183005/etymologetymo-20
Broschiert: 404 Seiten
Verlag: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH; Auflage: 2nd (Februar 2006)
Sprache: Englisch
1992
Berlin/ NY: Mouton de Gruyter

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