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So standen die walisischen Negativ-Wörter "amar" = "Wunde", "amarch" = "Unehre" und "amorth" = "Fluch" gemeinsam Pate für Sindarin "amarth" = "Verhängnis".
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Man vergleiche auch walisisch "du" = "schwarz" mit Sindarin "dúath" = "Schatten" oder walisisch "melyn" = "gelb" mit Sindarin "mallor" = "golden" wie in "mallorn" = "Goldbaum" (Plural "mellyrn").
Ebenfalls sei erwähnt, dass der definite Artikel im Walisischen oft die Form "y" aufweist, im Sindarin die Form "i".
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Fantasie Fonts
Based on the writings of J.R.R.Tolkien, I've created several fantasy fonts for the Microsoft Windows 3.1/95/98/NT/2000/ME/XP Operating Systems. These fonts are ideal for Role-Playing Gamers (RPG) and Middle- earth Linguists. Some earlier versions of my fonts are available at various archive sites on the World Wide Web, but you will always find the most current versions of my fonts here. These fonts are Postcardware.
"Nikothoe" war eine der "Harpyien", die auf der Flucht vor den Boreaden "Zetes" und "Kalais" über der Peloponnes in den Fluss Tigres stürzte, der seitdem "Harpys" hieß. (Apollod.1,9,21,6)
Free Public Domain's presentation of Fairy Tales is an attempt to welcome the young and young-at-heart into the wonderful and magical land of Fairy Tales. This site presently lists hundreds of tales from The Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales, Hans Christian Anderson Fairy Tales, Arabian Nights Entertainments, Blue Fairy Book, Crimson Fairy Book, Red Fairy Book, Violet Fairy Book, and the Yellow Fairy Book, and will be an on-going project to bring to you Fairy Tales from around the world.
Where possible, Free Public domain has included the original editor's notes so that you the viewer can get an idea of the light in which these Fairy Tales were viewed by the Editors.
The Download Section has now been updated. I have added a wide selection of books. Many thanks to Project Gutenberg.
Blue Fairy Book
Table of Contents
THE BRONZE RING | PRINCE HYACINTH AND THE DEAR LITTLE PRINCESS | EAST OF THE SUN AND WEST OF THE MOON | THE YELLOW DWARF LITTLE RED RIDING-HOOD | THE SLEEPING BEAUTY IN THE WOOD | CINDERELLA; OR, THE LITTLE GLASS SLIPPER | ALADDIN AND THE WONDERFUL LAMP | THE TALE OF A YOUTH WHO SET OUT TO LEARN WHAT FEAR WAS | RUMPELSTILTZKIN | BEAUTY AND THE BEAST | THE MASTER-MAID | WHY THE SEA IS SALT | THE MASTER CAT; OR, PUSS IN BOOTS | FELICIA AND THE POT OF PINKS | THE WHITE CAT | THE WATER-LILY. THE GOLD-SPINNERS | THE TERRIBLE HEAD | THE STORY OF PRETTY GOLDILOCKS | THE HISTORY OF WHITTINGTON | THE WONDERFUL SHEEP | LITTLE THUMB | THE FORTY THIEVES | HANSEL AND GRETTEL | SNOW-WHITE AND ROSE-RED | THE GOOSE-GIRL | TOADS AND DIAMONDS | PRINCE DARLING | BLUE BEARD | TRUSTY JOHN | THE BRAVE LITTLE TAILOR | A VOYAGE TO LILLIPUT | THE PRINCESS ON THE GLASS HILL | THE STORY OF PRINCE AHMED AND THE FAIRY PARIBANOU | THE HISTORY OF JACK THE GIANT-KILLER | THE BLACK BULL OF NORROWAY | THE RED ETIN
Crimson Fairy Book
Table of Contents
Preface | Lovely Ilonka | Lucky Luck | The Hairy Man | To your Good Health! | The Story of the Seven Simons | The Language of Beasts | The Boy who could keep a Secret | The Prince and the Dragon | Little Wildrose | Tiidu the Piper | Paperarello | The Gifts of the Magician | The Strong Prince | The Treasure Seeker | The Cottager and his Cat | The Prince who would seek Immortality | The Stone-cutter | The Gold-bearded Man | Tritill, Litill, and the Birds | The Three Robes | The Six Hungry Beasts | How the Beggar Boy turned into Count Piro | The Rogue and the Herdsman | Eisenkopf | The Death of Abu Nowas and of his Wife | Motikatika | Niels and the Giants | Shepherd Paul | How the wicked Tanuki was punished | The Crab and the Monkey | The Horse Gullfaxi and the Sword Gunnfoder | The Story of the Sham Prince, or the Ambitious Tailor | The Colony of Cats | How to find out a True Friend | Clever Maria | The Magic Kettle
Red Fairy Book
Table of Contents
Introduction | The Twelve Dancing Princesses | The Princess Mayblossom | Soria Moria Castle | The Death of Koschei the Deathless | The Black Thief and Knight of the Glen | The Master Thief | Brother and Sister | Princess Rosette | The Enchanted Pig | The Norka | The Wonderful Birch | Jack and the Beanstalk | The Little Good Mouse | Graciosa and Percinet | The Three Princesses of Whiteland | The Voice of Death | The Six Sillies | Kari Woodengown | Drakestail | The Ratcatcher | The True History of Little Goldenhood | The Golden Branch | The Three Dwarfs | Dapplegrim | The Enchanted Canary | The Twelve Brothers | The Nettle Spinner | Farmer Weatherbeard | Mother Holle | Minnikin | Bushy Bride | Snowdrop | The Golden Goose | The Seven Foals | The Marvellous Musician | The Story of Sigurd
Yellow Fairy Book
Table of Contents
Introduction | The Cat and the Mouse in Partnership | The Six Swans | The Dragon of the North | Story of the Emperor's New Clothes | The Golden Crab | The Iron Stove | The Dragon and his Grandmother | The Donkey Cabbage | The Little Green Frog | The Seven-headed Serpent | The Grateful Beasts | The Giants and the Herd-boy | The Invisible Prince | The Crow | How Six Men travelled through the Wide World | The Wizard King | The Nixy | The Glass Mountain | Alphege, or the Green Monkey | Fairer-than-a-Fairy | The Three Brothers | The Boy and the Wolves, or the Broken Promise | The Glass Axe | The Dead Wife | In the Land of Souls | The White Duck | The Witch and her Servants | The Magic Ring | The Flower Queen's Daughter | The Flying Ship | The Snow-daughter and the Fire-son | The Story of King Frost | The Death of the Sun-hero | The Witch | The Hazel-nut Child | The Story of Big Klaus and Little Klaus | Prince Ring | The Swineherd | How to tell a True Princess | The Blue Mountains | The Tinder-box | The Witch in the Stone Boat | Thumbelina | The Nightingale | Hermod and Hadvor | The Steadfast Tin-soldier | Blockhead Hans | A Story about a Darning-needle
Violet Fairy Book
Table of Contents
Introduction | A Tale of the Tontlawald | The Finest Liar in the World | The Story of Three Wonderful Beggars | Schippeitaro | The Three Princes and Their Beasts | The Goat's Ears of the Emperor Trojan | The Nine Pea-hens and the Golden Apples | The Lute Player | The Grateful Prince | The Child Who Came From An Egg | Stan Bolovan | The Two Frogs | The Story of a Gazelle | How a Fish Swam in the Air and a Hare in the Water | Two In a Sack | The Envious Neighbour | The Fairy of the Dawn | The Enchanted Knife | Jesper Who Herded the Hares | The Underground Workers | The History of Dwarf Long Nose | The Nunda, Eater of People | The Story of Hassebu | The Maiden With the Wooden Helmet | The Monkey and the Jelly-fish | The Headless Dwarfs | The Young Man Who Would Have His Eyes Opened | The Boys With the Golden Stars | The Frog | The Princess Who Was Hidden Underground | The Girl Who Pretended To Be A Boy | The Story of Halfman | The Prince Who Wanted To See the World | Virgililus the Sorcerer | Mogarzea and his Son
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Der Teufel schickte ihn zurück woher er gekommen war - und weil es so dunkel, kalt und windig und der Weg so weit war, bekam Jack ein Stück Kohle direkt aus dem Höllenfeuer mit auf den Weg.
Jack legte die glühende Kohle in eine ausgehöhlte Rübe damit sie nicht verlöschte und machte sich auf. Seitdem wandelt seine verdammte Seele mit der Laterne am Vorabend von Allerheiligen durch die Dunkelheit - bis zum Tag des jüngsten Gerichts ...
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1387, "branch of speculation which deals with the first causes of things," from M.L. "metaphysica", neut. pl. of Medieval Gk. "(ta) metaphysika", from Gk. "ta meta ta physika" = "the (works) after the Physics," title of the 13 treatises which traditionally were arranged after those on physics and natural sciences in Aristotle's writings. The name was given c.70 B.C.E. by Andronicus of Rhodes, and was a ref. to the customary ordering of the books, but it was misinterpreted by L. writers as meaning "the science of what is beyond the physical." Hence, "metaphysical" came to be used in the sense of "abstract, speculative" (e.g. by Johnson, who applied it to certain 17c. poets, notably Donne and Cowley, who used "witty conceits" and abstruse imagery). The word originally was used in Eng. in the singular; plural form predominated after 17c., but singular made a comeback late 19c. in certain usages under Ger. influence.
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Die Sprache der Hobbits, die ursprünglich der der Rohirrim ähnelte, wird ebenfalls meist durch Tolkiens englische „Übersetzung” vertreten, bei der er große sprachliche Kreativität und eine profunde Kenntnis der englischen Lautwandelprozesse bewies.
So übernahm er die Monatsnamen des Auenland-Kalenders aus dem Altenglischen und „modernisierte” die Form der lange ausgestorbenen Wörter. Er gab ihnen die Form, die sie im Englischen wahrscheinlich heute hätten, wenn sie nicht durch lateinische Monatsnamen ersetzt worden wären, z.B. "afteryule" = "Januar" von altengl. "after-geola" = "Nach-Jul", "rethe" = "März" von altengl. "réthe" = "wild", "grausam" oder "halimath" = "September" von altengl. "halig-monath" = "heiliger Monat" ( der Erntefeste).
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Eine Seite der "Bibliothèque nationale de France":
- l'exposition
- visite guidée
- en images
- la légende
- le merveilleux
- arrêt sur
- le pouvoir et la royauté
- la chevalerie
- le Graal
- l'amour
- parcours enfant
- jeu de rôle
- pistes pédagogiques
- le concours
- activités pédagogiques
- gros plans
- livres à feuilleter
- sur Gallica
- informations
Shivering Boy, The
by Micha F. Lindemans
At Triermain Castle, in Northumberland, it is not so much a sight as a touch that is to be feared .... the touch of tiny, icy fingers, and a little boy's voice whispering, "Cold, cold, forever more."
The boy, legend has it, lived in the fifteenth century, and had inherited the castle when his father died. The uncle who was made the boy's ward wanted the castle for himself, so he starved the boy until he was barely alive, then abandoned him on Thirwell Common in the midst of a winter storm. The boy perished in the snow. But he returned to the castle in death, and walks the halls, teeth chattering, a spectral six-year-old shivering with the cold. If he enters the room of someone asleep, he may simply stand whimpering by the bed ... or he may reach out and lay an ice-cold hand on the sleepers brow. To feel his touch, or see his sad little figure, is a portent of trouble to come.
Tolkien Languages
DictionariesGrammars
- Ardalambion - Of the Tongues of Arda, the invented world of J.R.R. Tolkien
- Dictionary of the Elvish Languages
- Elvish to English
- English to Elvish
- Quenya Wordlists
- Selected Quenya Vocabulary
- Learn Quenya: Quenya Course
Sindarin
Gegen Ende der Arbeit am Herrn der Ringe änderte Tolkien die Hintergrundgeschichte seiner Sprachen grundlegend, und die "keltische" Gemeinsprache der Elben hieß nun nicht mehr "Noldorin" sondern "Sindarin", und es war nicht länger die Sprache jener, die nach Mittelerde zurückkamen, sondern jener, die Mittelerde nie verlassen hatten. "Sindarin" nahm somit nun den Platz von "Ilkorin" ein, was bis auf wenige übernommene Wörter im archaischen "Nordsindarin-Dialekt" völlig verworfen wurde. Tolkien bezog sich später mehrfach auf das Sindarin im Herrn der Ringe, denn obgleich dies währenddessen eigentlich "Noldorin" gewesen war, waren die Veränderungen vergleichsweise gering, die Tolkien von der einen zur anderen Sprache vorgenommen hatte, und in den in Der Herr der Ringe belegten Formen ist quasi keine, die sich nicht voll und ganz auch in Tolkiens späteren Konzeptionen des "Sindarin" nachvollziehen lassen würde. Da der Unterschied so gering war, dass nur wenige Lautveränderungen durchgeführt werden mussten, stellt "Etymologies" auch für Sindarin die wichtigste Wortliste dar.
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The Sindarin dictionary project
Introduction
Sindarin is the language of the Grey Elves, invented by J.R.R. Tolkien and exemplified in his masterful epic story The Lord of the Rings.
This is the home page of the Sindarin dictionary project. The site currently hosts the following projects:The proper way to refer to this Sindarin dictionary, when you wish to quote it, is to call it Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary. As it is still an evolving work, it is also recommented to cite the edition and the lexicon's version (for instance, "edition 1.9, lexicon 0.995").
- The Sindarin dictionary project per se, focussed at building a complete and reliable Sindarin lexicon in XML (TEI) format.
- Dragon Flame, a freeware application for Microsoft Windows and Linux, embedding the Sindarin dictionary along with additional tools.
- Hesperides, a freeware application for MacOS X, embedding the Sindarin dictionary tools.
This is new a pre-release version of Hiswelókë's Sindarin dictionary. While this version attempts to be as perfect as possible, we make no guarantees of its completeness and accuracy. It is a preview version mainly intended for people interested in helping to develop and improve the dictionary. Please use it with knowledge and caution.
. . . ON-LINE SINDARIN DICTIONARIES
Home | English | Français | Deutsch
Sindarin & Noldorin dictionaries (with normalizations)"Strict" Sindarin & Noldorin dictionaries (without normalizations)
- A1. Alphabetical Sindarin-English dictionary
- A2. Analogical English-Sindarin dictionary
- A3. Thematic Sindarin-English lexicon
- A4. Semantic Sindarin-English lexicon (Carl Buck's categories)
Other documents
- B1. Alphabetical Sindarin-English dictionary
- B2. Analogical English-Sindarin dictionary
- B3. Thematic Sindarin-English lexicon
- B4. Semantic Sindarin-English lexicon (Carl Buck's categories)
- B5. Dictionary-based grammatical view
Technical documentation
- C1. Symbols and abbreviations
- C2. Statistical charts (SVG)
- C3. Strict concordances (without definitions and annotations)
- X1. The Making Of a Dictionary - part I
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Most such languages have their devotees. Enough Tolkien fans are interested in his invented Elvish languages "Quenya" and "Sindarin" (and the "Tengwar" and "Cirth" letters they're written in) to have formed the TolkLang mailing list; some people write poetry in various forms of Elvish. The sounds of the language are lovely. At the other end of the aesthetics scale is Klingon, created for Star Trek by Mark Okrand; it's a harsh, guttural language, suitable for warriors, and has attracted widespread public attention with the publication of a translation dictionary (and a project to translate the Bible and Shakespeare into Klingon, by the Klingon Language Institute).
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Sindarin ist die Sprache der Grauelben in J.R.R. Tolkiens bekanntem Mittelerde-Szenario, die an das Walisische angelehnt ist und durch den Herrn der Ringe zu weltweitem Ruhm gelangte. Auf diesen Seiten soll nun versucht werden, eine möglichst umfassende wie auch objektive Beschreibung dieses einmaligen sprachlichen Kunstwerkes zu präsentieren, das Professor Tolkien sein Leben lang beschäftigte.
Viele Details dieser Sprache jedoch sind uns von Tolkien nicht überliefert und seit Jahrzehnten fasziniert es Tausende, durch eigene Analysen weiter in dieses Feld einzudringen und seine Ideen zu rekonstruieren. Einige Ergebnisse dieser Forschungen sollen hier präsentiert werden, doch kann nichts von dem ein finales Wort sein, weshalb künftige Veränderungen der hiesigen Seiten immer zu erwarten sind. Etliche Manuskripte Tolkiens sind immer noch nicht veröffentlicht und werden erst nach und nach der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht.
Sindarin-Lexikon
- Deutsch - Sindarin
- Sindarin - Deutsch
- ~ Lexikon ~: Aussprache | Grammatik | Beispielsätze | Wortlisten | (Themat. Listen) | Namensliste
- ~ Diskussion ~: Fragen & Antworten | Schnellstart | Tolkien-Board | Sindarin Forum | Elbisch-Chat
- ~ Webseite ~: Links | Impressum
Sindarin, das ist die Sprache der Grauelben in J.R.R. Tolkiens bekanntem Mittelerde-Szenario, das durch seinen "Herrn der Ringe" zu weltweitem Ruhm gelangte. Auf diesen Seiten nun möchte ich versuchen, eine möglichst umfassende wie auch objektive Beschreibung dieses einmaligen sprachlichen Kunstwerkes zu präsentieren, das Professor Tolkien sein Leben lang beschäftigte.
Viele Details dieser Sprache jedoch sind uns von Tolkien nicht überliefert und seit Jahrzehnten fasziniert es Tausende, durch eigene Analysen und Interpretationen weiter in dieses Feld einzudringen und das Mysterium des Sindarin zu entschlüsseln und zu einer immer anwendbareren Sprache zu gelangen. Einige Ergebnisse dieser Forschungen sollen hier präsentiert werden, doch kann nichts von dem ein finales Wort sein, weshalb künftige Veränderungen der hiesigen Seiten immer zu erwarten sind.
Besonderes Augenmerk wurde hierfür auf das Sindarin der Elben des späten dritten Zeitalters gelegt, doch es sind kurze Abhandlungen zu historischen Formen, sowie elbischen und menschlichen Dialekten in Planung.
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Sindarin - Die Edle Sprache
- Noldorin ist Sindarin
- Wörterbuch
- Literatur-Verzeichnis
- Link-Sammlung
- Sindarin - the Noble Tongue (sorry, I have no Sindarin course to go with the Quenya course above!)
- Old Sindarin - between Primitive Elvish and Grey-elven
- The Quest for Standard Sindarin:
- (Sindarin or Grey-elven, the Celtic-style language of Tolkien's mythos, was very often revised by the Professor: In the pre-LotR period, it wasn't even called Sindarin, but "Noldorin"! The articles below discuss various inconsistencies haunting the primary sources and suggest how the material can be edited to achieve a LotR-compatible "standard" form of the language: Writers should not mix various conceptual stages of Noldorin/Sindarin into a hybrid language that would not properly reflect Tolkien's intentions at any stage. WARNING: by necessity, these articles are often highly technical!)
- AE or OE? - Tolkien's Hard Choice
- On LH and RH - not to mention HL and HR
- The question of ND or NN - about the behaviour of the cluster nd in "Noldorin" vs. Sindarin
- To SS or not to SS - a Gollumish problem
- Parviphith Edhellen - English-Sindarin wordlist
- Suggested Conjugation of all known or inferred Sindarin verbs
- Reconstructing the Sindarin Verb System - the reasoning underlying the Suggested Conjugation
- A Taste of Elvish - selected Quenya and Sindarin vocabulary
- Gwaith-i-Phethdain - sc. "Fellowship of the Word-smiths", Ryszard Derdzinski's page with various Eldarin material by many authors! Here you will also find analyses of the Elvish dialogue heard in the Peter Jackson movie. As for Ryszard's comprehensive Sindarin Dictionary, you can read about it here.
- The Noble Tongue - articles about Sindarin!
- Tengwar in Reality - a page with pictures of real-life Tengwar inscriptions (usually spelling out actual Quenya or Sindarin words) on rings, as tattoos etc.!
- Didier Willis' Sindarin vocabularies - download his remarkable Sindarin dictionary here!
- Finnish - the Kontu page now features the Adûnaic, Westron and Sindarin articles, translated by Vesa Piittinen. (They may later have been revised so that they no longer correspond exactly to my original articles.)
- Czech - selected articles translated by Frantisek Spoutil. Lucie Holá's Czech translation of my main Sindarin article is found here.
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"Sindarin" is the Quenya name of this language, derived from "Sindar" = "Grey ones" = "Grey-elves"; it may be (and is) translated "Grey-elven". What "Sindarin" was called by its own term is not known with certainty. It is said of the Elves in Beleriand that "their own language was the only one that they ever heard; and they needed no word to distinguish it" (WJ:376). The "Sindar" probably referred to their own tongue simply as "Edhellen", "Elvish". As noted above, the herb-master of the Houses of Healing referred to "Sindarin" as the "noble tongue" (while "the noblest tongue in the world" remains Quenya, UT:218). Throughout LotR, the term usually employed is simply "the Elven-tongue", since "Sindarin" was the living vernacular of the Elves.
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But only in the thirties, with the Etymologies, did a language really close to LotR-style Sindarin emerge in Tolkien's notes. This was however called "Noldorin", for like its predecessor Gnomish it was conceived as the language, not of the "Sindar", but of the "Noldor" - developed in "Valinor". At this stage, "Quenya" was thought of as the language of the "Lindar" (later: "Vanyar") only. Only as late as when the appendices to LotR were being written did Tolkien abandon this idea, and turned "Noldorin" into "Sindarin". "Quenya" now became the original language of both the "Vanyar" and the "Noldor" - the latter simply adopted "Sindarin" when they arrived in Middle-earth. It "turned out" that the Celtic-sounding language of Tolkien's mythos was not, after all, their own tongue (though in the annals of Middle-earth, they certainly came to be the most prominent users of it). It did not originate in the Blessed Realm of "Valinor", but was an indigenous tongue of Middle-earth.
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The "Noldorin" of the Etymologies is not entirely identical to "Sindarin" as it appears in LotR, since Tolkien never stopped refining and altering his invented languages. But many of the differences that separate "Noldorin" from LotR-style "Sindarin" are happily regular, Tolkien adjusting some details of the evolution from Primitive Elvish. Therefore, most of the "Noldorin" material can quite easily be updated to agree with the linguistic scenario of LotR.
A number of words must be subtly altered; for instance, the "Noldorin" diphthong "oe" should rather be "ae" in Sindarin. One example involves "Belegoer" as a name of the Great Ocean (LR:349, 352); this form Tolkien later changed to "Belegaer" - so on the map of the published Silmarillion.
Another change has to do with the consonants "lh-" and "rh-"; where they occurred in "Noldorin" many examples show that Sindarin should have simple "l-" and "r-" instead. Thus, we can deduce that a "Noldorin" word like "rhoeg" ("wrong", LR:383) should rather be "raeg" in Sindarin - though the latter form is nowhere explicitly attested. It has been suggested that the "Noldorin" of the Etymologies, with its various peculiarities, can be equated with the "somewhat strange" dialect of Sindarin that the Noldor spoke in Gondolin (UT:44). In this way we could even account for its being called Noldorin rather than Sindarin. However, it is also possible that Tolkien would have considered "Noldorin" wholly obsolete to the extent it differs from his later vision of Sindarin.
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NOTE: In the "Noldorin" of the Etymologies, "a" in a final syllable often comes out as "ei" instead. Hence we have "adar" = "father" pl. "edeir" (entry ATA), "Balan" = "Vala" pl. "Belein" (BAL), "habad" = "shore" pl. "hebeid" (SKYAP), "nawag" = "dwarf" pl. "neweig" (NAUK), "talaf" = "ground", "floor" pl. "teleif" (TAL).
Same thing in monosyllables: "Dân" = "Nandorin elf", pl. "Dein" (NDAN), "mâl" = "pollen" pl. "meil" (SMAL), "pân" = "plank" pl. "pein" (PAN), "tâl" = "foot" pl. "teil" (TAL).
But as demonstrated above, the plural form of "tâl" had become "tail" in Tolkien's later Sindarin (lenited form "-dail" in "tad-dail" in WJ:388). Likewise, the Sindarin plural of "adar" is seen to be, not "edeir" as in the Etymologies, but "edair" (as in Edenedair "Fathers of Men", MR:373 - this is a post-LotR source).
The Silmarillion Appendix, entry "val-", also confirms that in Sindarin the plural form of "Balan" = "Vala" is "Belain", not "Belein" as in the Etymologies. It seems that in all the examples just listed, we should read Sindarin "ai" for "Noldorin" "ei" in the plural forms.
In one case at least, evidence from the Etymologies agrees with the patterns observed in later Sindarin: the already-quoted example "aran" = "king" pl. "erain" (not "*erein") in the entry 3AR. (For "erain" as the Sindarin plural, compare the name "Fornost Erain" = "Norbury of the Kings" occurring in LotR3/VI ch. 7.) Interestingly, Christopher Tolkien notes that in the Etymologies, the group of entries that 3AR belongs to was "struck out and replaced more legibly" (LR:360). Perhaps this was after his father had revised the plural patterns that otherwise persist in Etym. PM:31, reproducing a draft for a LotR Appendix, shows Tolkien changing the plural of "Dúnadan" from "Dúnedein" to "Dúnedain". It seems that the older "Noldorin" plurals in "ei" are not conceptually obsolete; they may be seen as archaic Sindarin: In certain environments, the change "ei" > "ai" occurred also within the imagined history, so "Dúnedain" could indeed have been "Dúnedein" at an earlier stage. It seems that Tolkien decided that "ei" in the final syllable of a word (this also goes for monosyllables) became "ai", but otherwise remained "ei". Hence we have teithant for "drew" (or *"wrote") in the Moria Gate inscription, and this "teith-" is related to the second element "-deith" of the word "andeith" = "longmark" (a symbol used to mark long vowels in writing, LR:391 s.v. TEK). Yet the word "andeith" from the Etymologies instead appears as "andaith" in LotR Appendix E, since "ei" was here in a final syllable. "Teithant" could not become "*taithant" because "ei" here is not in a final syllable. Other words confirm this pattern. As indicated above, the normal plural of "aran" is "erain", but "erein-" is seen in the name "Ereinion" = "Scion of Kings" (a name of Gil-galad, PM:347/UT:436). Evidently the plural form was "erein" in archaic Sindarin, later becoming "erain" because "ei" changed to "ai" in final syllables, but in a compound like "Ereinion" the diphthong "ei" was not in a final syllable and therefore remained unchanged.
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A taste of Elvish - Quenya and Sindarin vocabulary
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- Quenya - the Ancient Tongue (see also Course)
- Adûnaic - the Vernacular of Númenor
- Westron - the Common Speech
- Telerin - the Language of the Sea-Elves
- Doriathrin - the Mothertongue of Lúthien
- Various Mannish Tongues - the Sadness of Mortal Men?
- Nandorin - the Green-elven Tongue
- Ilkorin - a "Lost Tongue"?
- Avarin - All Six Words
- Khuzdul - the Secret Tongue of the Dwarves
- Entish - Say Nothing That Isn't Worth Saying
- Orkish and the Black Speech - Base Language for Base Purposes
- Valarin - Like the Glitter of Swords
- Primitive Elvish - Where It All Began
Also spelt: "Qenya", "Qendya", "Quendya"
Also called: "High-elven" / "High-elvish", the "High Speech of the Noldor", the "Ancient Speech", the "speech of the Elves of Valinor", "Elf-latin" / "Elven-latin", "Valinorean", "Avallonian", "Eressëan", "parmalambë" ("Book-tongue"), "tarquesta" ("high-speech"), "Nimriyê" (in Adûnaic), "Goldórin" or "Goldolambë" (in Telerin), "Cweneglin" or "Cwedhrin" (in Gnomish).
- INTERNAL HISTORY
- DESIGNATIONS OF THE LANGUAGE
- EXTERNAL HISTORY
- THE STRUCTURE OF QUENYA: A BRIEF SURVEY
- Elementary Phonology
- The Noun
- The Article
- The Verb
- The Adjective
- The Participles
- Pronouns
- Quenya Wordlists
- APPENDIX: EXAMPLES OF QUENYA NOUNS FULLY INFLECTED
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The Quenya past tense always shows the final vowel "-ë" (though secondary endings may of course be added; for instance, we see "-er" where the verb has a plural subject). This vowel "-ë" is very often part of the ending "-në", which seems to be the most general past tense marker in Quenya. A-stem verbs typically add this ending. For instance, a verb "orta-" = "to rise" / "raise" is listed in the Etymologies (entry ORO, LR:379), and the song Namárië in LotR demonstrates that its past tense is "ortanë".
Other attested examples:
- "ulya-" = "to pour", past tense "ulyanë" (LR:396 s.v. ULU)
- "hehta-" = "to forsake", past tense "hehtanë" (WJ:365)
- "ora-" = "to urge", past tense "oranë" (VT41:18)
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Sonderteil: Herr der Ringe
Merkwürdige Worte sind in der Kinoverfilmung von J.R.R. Tolkiens Fantasy-Trilogie "Der Herr der Ringe" zu hören: untertitelte oder gar nicht übersetzte, aber meist durchaus nett klingende Texte in nie gehörten Sprachen - Tolkiens Sprachen. J.R.R. Tolkien war nicht nur Geschichtenerzähler, sondern hauptberuflich Sprachwissenschaftler, nämlich zuletzt Professor für Englische Sprache und Literatur am Merton College in Oxford. Er beschäftigte sich dort hauptsächlich mit den älteren Sprachstufen des Englischen, war aber auch in anderen europäischen Sprachen bestens bewandert. Mehr über die linguistische Kreativität Tolkiens hier.
Wörter und ihr Klang standen am Anfang von J. R. R. Tolkiens grandioser Fantasy-Saga
Wie muss eine ideale Sprache sein?
Elbenlatein
Die Sprache Saurons
Lauschen Sie einmal dem Klang des Wortes nach: "Hobbit" ... das klingt klein, pelzig und harmlossympathisch. Hinzu kommt vielleicht noch etwas bodenständige Gemütlichkeit - fertig ist der Protagonist zweier unsterblicher Geschichten, des "Hobbit" und des "Herrn der Ringe".
"In meinem Sinn erzeugt ein Name immer eine Geschichte. Schließlich dachte ich mir, ich sollte doch lieber erst einmal herausfinden, was denn Hobbits seien." (Tolkien)
Worte und ihr Klang standen am Anfang von Tolkiens Fantasy-Epos. Auf den folgenden Seiten erfahren Sie mehr über die sprachlichen Elemente in Buch und Film. Außerdem lassen wir einige Wissenschaftler zu Wort kommen, die sich beruflich und als Hobby mit der Materie auseinander gesetzt haben.
- Elbisch für Anfänger
- Meinung zum Film
- Fluchtversuche aus der Realität?
- Where, in your imagination, is Middle-earth?
- Fantasy und political correctness
- Links im Internet
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Tolkiens Liebe und Konzentration galt von Anfang an der Ausarbeitung der „schönen” ästhetisch ansprechenden Elbensprachen "Quenya" und "Sindarin", für die ganze Texte, Wortlisten und grammatische Skizzen vorliegen. Außerdem entwarf er auch noch zwei unterschiedliche Schriftsysteme für die Elbensprachen, eine Runen- und Kursivschrift "Tengwar".
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In der Buchfassung des „Herrn der Ringe” finden sich mindestens 14 Idiome:
- Elbensprachen: Quenya (Hochelbisch), Sindarin (Grauelbisch), Nandorin (Grünelbisch)
- Menschensprachen: Westron oder die Gemeinsame Sprache, Númenorisch, Die Sprache der Rohirrim, die Sprache der Menschen von Wilderland, die Sprache der Dunländer, die Sprache der Waldmenschen
- Sprachen anderer Wesen: Die Schwarze Sprache, Die alte Hobbitsprache, Khuzdul: die geheime Sprache der Zwerge, Orkisch, Entisch
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Die meisten Menschensprachen des „Herrn der Ringe” werden von Tolkien im Gegensatz zu den Elbensprachen nicht in ihrer eigentlichen Form verwendet, sondern nur indirekt als angebliche „Übersetzung”. Tolkien gab vor, das von Hobbits in "Westron" geschriebene Manuskript des „Herrn der Ringe” nur gefunden und ins Englische übersetzt zu haben! "Westron" taucht also im Text nicht auf, aber modernes Englisch dient als sein Übersetzungsäquivalent.
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Die Beziehung zwischen den nicht oder nur bruchstückhaft im Text vorkommenden Sprachen Mittelerdes und Tolkiens „Übersetzung”:
Sprache Mittelerdes: repräsentiert durch: Westron Englisch Hobbit-Westron „Hobbit-Englisch” Rohirrim-Sprache Altenglisch Sprache Wilderlands Altenglisch - Gotisch - Altisländisch.
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Seine (Tolkiens) Geschichten zählen in mehrerer Hinsicht zu den sprach-lastigsten in der Literaturgeschichte. Er hat das komplexeste System von konstruierten Sprachen in der Literaturgeschichte geschaffen. Der Oxforder Sprachwissenschaftler hat seine Bestseller nicht trotz, sondern gerade wegen seiner akademischen Beschäftigung mit Sprachen geschrieben.
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Tengwar und ihre Verwendung
Tengwar sind ein Schriftsystem (Elbenschrift), das von J.R.R. Tolkien speziell für die erfundenen Sprachen (elbische Sprachen), die er in seinem bekannten Roman Der Herr der Ringe und anderen Werken verwendete, entwickelt wurde. Da Tolkien Linguist war, folgt die Verwendung der Tengwar rationalen phonologischen Regeln.
In diesem Dokument beschreibe ich die Regeln, die Tolkien zur Aufzeichnung von Texten in den beiden wichtigsten elbischen Sprachen, "Sindarin" und "Quenya", beschrieb; Englisch und Deutsch sind nicht behandelt. Zur besseren Illustration führe ich für jede Sprache Beispiele an, darunter auch alle bisher veröffentlichten Beispiele von Tolkiens eigener Tengwar-Kalligraphie.
Der dreiteilige Kinofilm Der Herr der Ringe von Peter Jackson enthält ebenfalls einige elbische Texte. Eine Auswahl davon ist hier in zwei alternativen Schreibungen wiedergegeben.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Einführung | Lautlehre | Grundsätzliche Zuordnung der Tengwar | Quenya | Lautbelegung | Galadriels Klagelied (*) | Fíriels Lied | Elendils Eid | Cirions Eid | | Zahlen und Ziffern | Galadriels Eröffnungsworte | Arwens Heilungsworte | Dialog zwischen Arwen und Aragorn vor der Bruinenfurt | Arwens Wasserzauber | Elrond über Gilraen (SEE) | Dialog zwischen Arwen und Aragorn in Bruchtal | Zauberduell zwischen Gandalf und Saruman | Gandalfs Zauberworte am Moria-Westtor | Dialog an der Grenze von Lothlórien (SEE) | Galadriels Abschied von Aragorn (SEE) | May it be von Enya | Aníron von Enya | Film-Special: Die Zwei Türme | Aragorns Vision von Arwen (teilweise SEE) | Dialog zwischen Arwen und Elrond in Bruchtal | Dialog zwischen Aragorn und Legolas in Helms Klamm | Rufe in der Schlacht von Helms Klamm | Film-Special: Die Rückkehr des Königs | Frodos Ausruf | Gilraens Worte Angmar | Aragorns Krönungseid | Elronds Abschied in Mithlond
Download: Alle Beispieltexte im PDF-Format.
Die mit einem Stern (*) markierten Texte liegen auch in Tolkiens eigener Handschrift vor.
Autor: Gernot Katzer
We have discovered, in our searches, some fonts based on the writing systems created by the immortal J.R.R. Tolkien. PC fonts are available from links on our Tolkien Language Guide page. (Linked above.)
"Urban Legend" is also the name of a 1998 movie.
Urban legends are a kind of folklore consisting of stories often thought to be factual by those circulating them. Urban legends are sometimes repeated in news stories and, in recent years, distributed by email. People frequently say such tales happened to a "friend of a friend" - so often, in fact, that "FOAF" has become a commonly used acronym to describe this sort of story.
Some urban legends have survived a very long time, evolving only slightly over the years, as in the case of the story of a woman killed by spiders nesting in her elaborate hairdo. Others are new and reflect modern circumstances, like the story of the man on a business trip being seduced by a woman and waking up the next morning minus a kidney surgically removed for transplant. Some urban legends have a basis in true events, such as the case of the young man shooting bullets into a large saguaro cactus and being killed when his gunfire severed the trunk, resulting in the falling plant crushing him. Even when essentially true, however, the stories often become distorted by many retellings.
Despite their name, "urban legends" do not necessarily take place in an urban setting. The name is designed to differentiate them from traditional folklore created in pre-industrial times.
Urban legends often are born of fears and insecurities, or specifically designed to prey on such concerns.
Contents
- 1 Origins
- 2 Structure
- 3 Propagation and belief
- 3.1 Propagation
- 3.2 Belief
- 4 Keeping track of urban legends
- 5 Historical examples
- 6 Modern examples
- 7 The Papal Tiara
- 8 See also
- 9 External links
List of Contents
- Geography
- History and Ethnology
- Astronomy
- Language Sciences
- No Science At All
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Die Namen der Bewohner Wilderlands entstammen verschiedenen altgermanischen Sprachen, so wiederum dem Altenglischen und dem Gotischen und Altisländischen.
Viele der „öffentlichen” Zwergennamen wie Dain, Durin, Fundin oder Gimli sind skandinavischen Ursprungs und meist der altisländischen Lieder-Edda entnommen - wie auch der Name des Zauberers Gandalf.
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