Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Amtssprache, Langue Officielle, Official Language:
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

antonomasia (W3)

(E1)(L1) http://www.m-w.com/
'Antonomasia' comes from the Greek 'anti-' meaning 'instead' or 'against', plus 'onomazein', meaning 'to name'.
Originally, the word was used in the sense "the substitution of another designation for a common, obvious, or normal one."
Beispiele:

'Einstein' to refer to a 'scientific genius'
'Solomon' to mean 'a wise ruler'

aber auch:

'Kleenex' für 'Tissue'
'Uhu' für 'Klebstoff'

B

Barbarian - Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans - Barbarians and Savages - blahs and barbarians

From the Greek "barbaroi", meaning "babblers", used to mean non-Greeks, i.e., people who didn't speak Greek; from the sound that the Greeks thought they were making: "bar bar bar bar..."

(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ma/vivekananda/sanscrit3.html
(E?)(L1) http://www.crystalinks.com/barbarians.html
(E1)(L1) http://www.etymonline.com/b2etym.htm
(E1)(L1) http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/wftwarch.pl?052903
May 29, 2003 Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans

(E1)(L1) http://www.takeourword.com/Issue010.html
Issue 10 Spotlight Barbecued Barbarians and Their Barbers

(E1)(L1) http://www.westegg.com/etymology/

bbc - English language History Trail

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/legacy_entry.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_yoke
The invaders of Britain left their indelible mark on the English language and culture - from the royal coat of arms to our place names and the words we use everyday. Discover the roots of English by creating your own poem or try to spot the origins of a selection of objects.

bbc - English language in different era

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml
(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/world/index_noflash.shtml
Hier findet man eine kleine Übersicht über die Entwicklung der englischen Sprache von 400 bis 1970 (auch als Flash version).
Choose a time period to find out the comings and goings of the English language in that era.

bbc - Evolving English
englische Sprache - Beiträge der BBC

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series1.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series2.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series3.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series4.shtml

Home - Melvyn Bragg returns to Cumbria and finds that the old ways of speaking are being lost.
The Dawn of English - English takes on Latin! - eventually becoming the world language of instruction.
France and England - Where better than Hastings to look at the impact of the French on the English language?
Tabard Inn to Canterbury - The language of sex and death, as Chaucer and others capture English speech of the time.
The Power of English... - ...and the English of Power, as the language extends its influence from Court to Edinburgh.
Import/Export - Conquest, trade and immigration have woven dozens of languages into English.

Humour and Cussing

Coining It - When a new concept or product comes along, how does it get its name?
Language at Play - Melvyn has fun and games with puns, wordplay and tongue twisters.
A Better Class of Language - 'By your vowels, your station shall be known'. How accents and social class are entwined.
Unspeakable English - Bad language is no new thing. Some swear words originated centuries ago!
Freezing the River - English is constantly evolving but some linguists have tried to 'freeze' it for all time.
A World of Many Englishes - 'Two countries separated by a common language', but there're more than two Englishes

Accents and Dialects

Pitmatic - Talk of the town, talk of the pit in Ashington, Northumberland
Stroke City - Local talk in the city known variously as Londonderry, Derry and, more recently, as Stroke City
Cornwall - Melvyn travels west in search of the increasingly elusive Cornish dialect
No Pigeon - Melvyn visits Brixton to discover the most imitated, influential form of spoken English today.
Oswestry - Melvyn travels to the Blue Remembered Hills of Shropshire
Conclusion - The final programme in the series considers the future of English dialects

People and Places

What is Spanglish? - We explore the rise of powerful non-English linguistic forces in the United States
Raj to Riches English - English in India, despite being the imposed language of the imperial power, had equally the force to unite the nation.
The Hurricane Speaks - Here we take up the story of Caribbean English where the Brixton Routes left off.
Beyond the Cringe - In the 1950s Australian English was more Westminster than Woolloomooloo - the last days of the "colonial cringe".
The Long Trek to Freedom - English becomes the language of liberation as Afrikaans takes on the label of oppression
Whose English Is It, Anyway? - Used on the internet, the UN and between speakers for whom it is native language for neither - Is it English?

bbc - Languages

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/languages/
(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/
One standout is the BBC language site, which offers free courses in French, Spanish, German and Italian, as well as basic guides to several other languages. Audio clips guiding pronunciation abound throughout the site, and the bigger courses boast an impressive array of multimedia exposure. Video clips demonstrating conversational exchanges are the central component to the main language courses, with follow-up exercises designed to aid oral and written skills. Another handy offering: extensive links to the BBC World Service, which offers news reports in 43 languages.
For quick reference, the site also has a collection of essential phrases in 30 languages, with a printer-friendly version so you can take it with you as you travel.

Learn some lingo for your holiday
Keep your grey matter active and use your holiday as an opportunity to learn a new language. For an easy start delve into a quick fix and then graduate to one of the steps online in French, Spanish, German or Italian.

bbc - Language Gene discovered

(E?)(L1) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2192969.stm
First language gene discovered - Scientists think they have found the first of many genes that gave humans speech.

bbc - Sound of the Saxons

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/lingo_entry.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_colonists
Play 'Sound of the Saxons'
Imagine giving a speech to the turbulent, unpredictable England which existed under the Vikings. The country is being ravaged by the invaders and King Ethelred has fled to France, leaving the throne empty.
In 1014, Archbishop Wulfstan, a prominent government member, made such a speech. But what did an Anglo-Saxon speech sound like? What did it look like? Find out in 'Sound of the Saxons'.

bbc - The Ages of English Timeline

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/launch_ani_language_tl.shtml
From a West Saxon dialect to a global phenomena, from runes to rap, the development of English follows a fascinating trail.

Ever wondered how Beowulf sounded? Why "pickleherring" was one of Johnson's choice insults? Explore the ten ages of English in this interactive timeline and find out.

bbc - The Roots of English

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml

bbc - URP - upper received pronunciation

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/posh.shtml
Routes of English Special - Talking Posh
In this special edition of Routes of English, Melvyn Bragg turns his attention to the mysterious speech patterns of Britain's aristocrats for whom Cadogan Square will forever be "squaur".
But was it ever thus? And is toffs' talk the product of a lineage that in many cases stretches back to the Middle Ages?
...

bbc - Word of Mouth

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/wordofmouth.shtml

C

cooper - homonyms list - a list of english homonyms

(E?)(L1) http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym_list.html
words, like "caret" and "carrot" that are pronounced the same, but are spelled differently, and that have different meanings;
Schon bei einfachen Begriffen ist es oft abenteuerlich, die Herkunft der Wörter nachzuvollziehen. Bei Homonymen kann man wohl noch mehr ins Grübeln kommen. Da kann man auch nachvollziehen, dass es oftmals die merkwürdigsten volksetymologischen Herleitungen gibt.
Die Site bietet leider keine etymologischen Infos, aber eine wirklich umfangreiche Liste von englischen Homonymen.

copyeditor

(E?)(L?) http://www.copyeditor.com/
Welcome to the leading language newsletter

D

E

eleaston - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.eleaston.com/etymology.html#HistoryofEnglish
Links zu folgenden Themen:

Who speaks English?
History of English Kryss Katsiavriades
History of English Soon
History of English Douglas F. Hasty
History of English BlueRider
History of English BBC
History of English American Heritage
History of English Edwin Duncan
History of English Peter Erdmann, See-Young Cho
History of English infoplease
History of English Carol Jamison
History of English Suzanne Kemmer
History of English Pétur Knútsson
History of English Tim Morris
History of English Daniel W. Mosser
History of English Daniel W. Mosser
History of English Carol Percy
History of English Questia
History of English Johanna E. Rubba
History of English Philip G. Rusche
Old English incl. audio
American English
British English
Phonological Atlas of North America Univ. of Pennsylvania
The Structure of English Words Univ. of Oregon
English Lexicography Technical University of Berlin
English Word Origins C.A.E. Luschnig
Politics & the English Language: George Orwell

eng-lang - English Language Issues

(E?)(L?) http://www.eng-lang.co.uk/
Articles
This is a selection of articles I have written on English language issues, mostly as a result of questions that kept coming up in various places about correct usage of apostrophes and suchlike.

Rules for correct use of apostrophes
Problems with apostrophes
Style issues
My technical style guide: Web site or website?
Common errors in grammar, punctuation or spelling
Incorrect corrections: things people believe to be poor English, but which are in fact fine.

F

furman - The Great Vowel Shift

(E?)(L?) http://alpha.furman.edu/~mmenzer/gvs/

See and Hear the GVS
What is the Great Vowel Shift?
Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced Speakers
Explanation | Middle English | 1450 to 1550 | 1550 to 1650 | 1650 to 1750 | Words from the dialogue
English Literature and the GVS
Chaucer | Shakespeare | Later Literature
Terminology/FAQ
What is a long vowel? | What is this trapezoid? | What do these "letters" represent? | What is PDE?
Links, Sources, and Credits

This site is designed for my students--undergraduates with limited linguistic knowledge who are being introduced to the Great Vowel Shift.

The "Great Vowel Shift" was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift has had long-term implications for, among other things, orthography, the teaching of reading, and the understanding of any English-language text written before or during the Shift. Any standard history of the English language textbook (see our sources) will have a discussion of the GVS. This page gives just a quick overview; our interactive See and Hear page adds sound and animation to give you a better sense of how this all works.

When we talk about the GVS, we usually talk about it happening in eight steps. It is very important to remember, however, that each step did not happen overnight. At any given time, people of different ages and from different regions would have different pronunciations of the same word. Older, more conservative speakers would retain one pronunciation while younger, more advanced speakers were moving to a new one; some people would be able to pronounce the same word two or more different ways. The same thing happens today, of course: I can pronounce the word "route" to rhyme with "boot" or with "out" and may switch from one pronunciation to another in the midst of a conversation. Please see our Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced section for an illustration of this phenomenon.

furman - The History of English Phonemes

(E?)(L?) http://alpha.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/
This Website was constructed by William E. Rogers of the English Department at Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, and Diana Ervin, an English major at Furman. The site is intended to supplement four courses currently taught at Furman: English 38 (History of the English Language), English 39 (English Grammar), English 40 (Medieval English Literature), and English 60 (Chaucer). The construction of this site was made possible by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to Furman University and Wofford College (Furman/Wofford Mellon Program).

This Website is designed to help students of the English language trace the development of the phonemes of English from the Old English period into Present-Day English. The information contained in the site is available in any good textbook on the history of the language, but printed texts normally present the information in a linear fashion corresponding to the chronological development of English. The value of the Website is the hypertextual treatment of the information, which is meant to keep students from having to spend a great deal of time leafing through textbooks.

The navigation bar on the left-hand side of this page mirrors the structure of the site. Click on "Instructions" in the navigation bar for instructions on using the site, or click on the green button here.

ENGLISH PHONEMES:
Instructions for Using Site
Phonology: Consonants | Vowels
Phonemes:
Old English (OE): Consonants | Vowels
Middle English (ME): Consonants | Vowels
Early Modern English (EME): Consonants | Vowels
Present-Day English (PDE): Consonants | Vowels
Sound-Changes
Spelling
Useful Links

G

geocities

(E?)(L?) http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/9783/word.html
a page dedicated to words

googlealert - Language-Links per E-Mail

(E?)(L1) http://www.googlealert.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.googlealert.com/feed/0629/cogooglert.4.html

H

hel - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/hel/hel.html
...
To subscribe to our discussion list (HEL-L), click on the following URL: http://wiz.cath.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/hel-l and follow the instructions for subscribing.

A searchable archive of the HEL-L discussion list is maintained at the LINGUIST web site. To go directly to the HEL-L archive, 1994-Present, click here.
...

History of English - A Brief Look at the History of English

The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called

Old English (or Anglo-Saxon),
Middle English, and
Modern English.

The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:
...

historychannel

(E?)(L?) http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/
berühmte Reden

I

infoplease - English language

(E?)(L1) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0817376.html

infoplease - History of English

(E?)(L1) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0857999.html

J

K

krysstal - Languages and Linguistics

(E?)(L?) http://www.krysstal.com/language.html#borrow
Language Families : The English Language : Words
Grammar : History of Writing : UK and USA English : London English
Place Names : Writing for the Internet
Essays, Tables and Lists
Language Families
Languages are grouped together into families. Languages belonging to the same family share common ancestors. This essay looks at some of the more common and important language families. These are described in general terms with unusual or interesting grammars indicated for selected languages.
There are descriptions of several language families in detail: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Sino-Tibetan, Malayo-Polynesian, Afro-Asiatic, Caucasian, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Other Families.
There is also a listing of the 30 Most Spoken Languages in the world.
The English Language: A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English.
Borrowed Words in English: A collection of words in the English language that were originally borrowed from other languages. The list features languages as diverse as Arabic, Hindi, Cree, Italian, Quechua and Ewe. Borrowed words include algebra, ketchup, yacht, baron, caravan, patio, lava, clock, theory, shampoo, doctor, and chocolate.
There is a search engine for looking up borrowed words by language, continent, language family, and type of word.
Writing
The development, history and evolution of the world's writing systems. Beginning with pictographic forms and outlining the invention of the alphabet.
A map shows the evolution of scripts, alphabets and syllabaries with links to several examples: Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Bengali, Berber, Brahmi, Burmese, Cham, Chinese Characters, Chinese Pictograms, Coptic, Cuniform, Cyrillic, Etruscan, Georgian, Greek, Gujerati, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Latin (Roman and Modern), Lepcha, Linear B, Malayalam, Maldivian, Mayan, Mongolian, Nastaliq, Oriya, Phonecian, Punjabi, Runic, Samaritan, Sanskrit, Sinhalese, Syriac, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Tocharian, Ugarit.
Words And Names: The origin of names (both of people and places). The origin and evolution of selected words. Brief descriptions with many examples.
English: UK and USA: Differences in the usage of English in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Some differences are trivial, others could cause embarassment.
"Have a butchers, me old china!"
Grammar: An essay on grammar defining different parts of speech with examples mainly from English but also from different languages. Terms defined include nouns, verbs ( with descriptions of mood, tense and voice), adjectives, adverbs and more.
It's a WORLD Wide Web: This essay is about communicating over the internet in English.
Many writers on the web assume that their readers will be from a particular country ("the Prime Minster says..."), cultural background ("the holiday season is approaching..."), hemisphere ("now that spring is here...") or religion ("merry Christmas...").
These assumptions can be a bar to effective communication and may even cause offence.
KryssTal Related Pages
The Western Media: Why the Western media does not always report everything that is going on in the world. From a linguistic point of view, this essay includes a section on how language is used to obscure facts and mould public opinion.
External Language and Linguistics Links
Language Families: A complete index to many of the world's language families.
Language for Travellers: A web site featuring languages useful for travellers.
Webster's Dictionary: An excellent American dictionary.
Etymology: An excellent etymological site with many links and a section on World English.
First Names: Very large site for the etymology and history of first names.
Language Miniatures: A very thought provoking series of essays about language.
Numbers: A list of the numbers 1 to 10 in thousands of languages and many more language resources.
So You Wanna: So you want to know the most spoken languages in the World. Plus more on languages.

krysstal - English-Speaking Countries - History of English - The Origin and History of the English Language

(E?)(L1) http://www.krysstal.com/english.html
(E?)(L1) http://www.krysstal.com/index.html#language
The Web Site is a United Kingdom based educational and information web site by Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi in London.

The English Language - A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English. - Including the origin of words, borrowed words and language families.

Hinweise zur Geschichte, Verbreitung, Statistik, Dialekte, Einflüsse der englischen Sprache.

KryssTal Site Search Web Search:

Languages and Linguistics
30 Most Spoken Languages in the World is a table.
Borrowed Words
The Origin of Words and Names
Writing came after the spoken language.
UK and US English differences
Cockney Rhyming Slang
An Introduction to Grammar
Travel and Photography
The Acts of the Democracies
Eclipses, Occultations and Transits
Kings and Queens lists the monarchs of England.
Astronomy
Mathematics
Physics
Chemistry
Football
Fantasy Television
Cookery
Other
Essays on other topics not covered by previous sections: social, cultural, historical, religious, biological, geographical.
Inventions tabulates the time and location of humanity's greatest inventions.
Religions of the World describes the world's major religions and includes Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and others with tables and evolution.
Biblical Contradictions contains a short table of contradictions in the Bible.
Astrology and Astronomy looks at the differences between astronomy (the science) and astrology (the beleif system).
It's a WORLD Wide Web, looks at communication on the internet. It discusses how to write for an audience that could be from any of 200 countries without making assumptions that may baffle or offend.
Animal Kingdom lists the numbers of species of animals by the main divisions of phylum, class, and order.
Rain explains how different types of rain are caused with diagrams.
Countries lists the world's countries, including dates, previous names, capitals, form of government and main languages.
The Frank Zappa Memorial Page is a tribute and contains an album listing and brief biography.

L

Language (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

Language Code (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/w/wiki.phtml?PHPSESSID=97ff51cc9e07858c2fc30dd48b4c71f2&search=language+code

linguatec - Voice Reader

linguist - Varieties of English Around the World

logophilia

(E?)(L1) http://www.logophilia.com/
The Website for Word Lovers - Newsletter, Word Spy, Words About Words, Word Play, Scrabble® Search, The Descrabbler, Word Prospector, A Web site by Paul McFedries

M

mhhe - The Mayfield Handbook of Technical Scientific Writing

(E6)(L1) http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/home.htm
(E6)(L1) http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/toc.htm
mit folgenden Kapiteln:

1. Planning and ProducingDocuments
2. Document Types
3. Elements of TechnicalDocuments
4. Graphs and Figures
5. Paragraphs
6. Sentences
7. Words
8. Punctuation
9. Mechanics
10. Citing Sources and ListingReferences
11. Parts of Speech
12. Parts of Sentences
13. Sentence Types and WordOrder
14. Usage Glossary
15. Writer's Resources

N

netcom - Language Sites on the Internet

(E?)(L?) http://pw1.netcom.com/~rlederer/rllink.htm
Richard Lederer, writer and lover of the English Language, created this annotated directory of language sites on the Internet. Word mavens may browse etymology, dictionary, and thesaurus links and then be amused by "Home for Abused Apostrophes" or challenged by the interactive "Grammar Bytes." The site includes links to anagrams, oxymorons, palindromes, puns, idioms, banished words and expressions, city-by-city slanguage, mondegreens, logophilia, heteronyms, chiasmus, and much more. Browse Other Language Reference Links, Language Columns/Online Magazines, and Word Watching & Vocabulary Development for hours of language discoveries, challenges, and pure entertainment.

ntu - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ntu.edu.sg/home/mdamodaran/

O

P

Q

queens-english-society - Queens English Society

(E?)(L?) http://www.queens-english-society.com/
Welcome to the website of the Queen's English Society, dedicated to preserving and improving the beauty and precision of the English language.

R

rec-puzzles

(E?)(L1) http://rec-puzzles.org/new/sol.pl/language/english/spelling/nym
An interesting "nym" listing, including contronym, charactonym, retronym and more. A number of the nyms are taken from Lederer's Crazy English, 1989. (Hier werden die verschiedenen '-nyme', also die Bezeichnungen beschrieben. Leider gibt es jeweils nur ein paar Beispiele.

Received Pronunciation, RP (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.yaelf.com/rp.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation
This term was invented in 1917 by Daniel Jones, the author of "An English Pronouncing Dictionary".
He defined "RP" as what is "most usually heard in everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk have been educated at the great public boarding-schools" (Privatschule mit Internat). It is therefore a regional accent, but one which through wide use, and through the influence of public schools such as Eton, Harrow and Winchester, as well as Oxford and Cambridge universities, came to be accepted as the standard pronounciation of educated people throughout and to a certain degree even beyond England. "RP" is used as the model for phonetic transcription in all the standard British English dictionaries.

S

scitechdaily

(E?)(L1) http://www.scitechdaily.com/
Take a look at the future with... SciTech Daily

spellingdoctor

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingdoctor.com/
All of the works that the Spelling Doctor (Raymond Laurita) has researched and written over the past four decades;
interessant (aber nur Kostenpflichtiges)

spellorg

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellorg.com/
The Society for the Preservation of English Language and Literature (SPELL) is an organization of people who love our language and are determined to resist its abuse and misuse in the news media and elsewhere.

swan

(E?)(L?) http://www.swan.ac.uk/german/links/langling.htm
External Links

Language, Language Teaching/Learning and Linguistics
Language:
Dialects/Regional Variants
Handwriting and Type
History
Pronunciation
Spelling
Translation
For reference works, see Reference

Language Teaching/Learning:

Organisations
CALL
Other Resources

Linguistics:

Organisations/Institutions
Journals
Other Resources
Directories and Links Pages

synonym - Synonyms, Antonyms and definitions for English words!

(E?)(L1) http://www.synonym.com/

T

theatlantic - Word Watch

(E?)(L?) http://www.theatlantic.com/language/wordwatch.htm
A selection of terms that have newly been coined, that have recently acquired new currency, or that have taken on new meanings.

U

Uni Fullerton

/E?)(L?) http://hss.fullerton.edu/linguistics
California State University Fullerton - liN 'gwIs tIk - Notes

Uni Laval - Histoire de la langue anglaise

(E2)(L1) http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/anglais.histoire.htm

Section 1: Les origines de l'anglais : jusqu'à 700
Section 2: La période du Old English (vieil anglais ou anglo-saxon): de 700 ~ 1100
Section 3: La période du Middle English (moyen anglais): de 1100 ~ 1500
Section 4: La période du Modern English (anglais moderne): de 1500 ~ aujourd'hui
Section 5: Bibliographie

Uni Wuppertal

(E?)(L?) http://ntopac1.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/bibliothek.html/wup/ghb/node122.html
DKA-DNT Allgemeines. Englisch in Großbritannien und Irland

usingenglish - English Language Tips

(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/resources/language-tips.html
Am 01.09.2004 waren Tipps zu folgenden Stichwörtern zu finden:

Adjuncts | Adverbials | Adverbs | Articles | As | Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions 2 | Conjuncts | Countable & Uncountable Nouns | Demonstratives | Determiners | Disjuncts | Ditransitive Verbs | Interrogative Adjectives | Interrogative Adverbs | Interrogative Pronouns | Its & It's | Like | Modal Verbs | Monotransitive Verbs | Negative Pronouns | Noun Phrase | Numerals
Parts of Speech: Alone - Because - But - Few - How - If - Just - Little - Many - Much - Nevertheless - Since - These & Those - This & That - What - Where - Which - While - Who - Whom - Why
Personal Pronouns | Possessive Adjectives | Possessive Pronouns | Prepositions | Pronouns | Quantifiers | Reciprocal Pronouns | Reflexive Pronouns | Relative Pronouns | So | So & Such 1 | Some & Any 1 | Spell | Such | Themself & Themselves | They're, Their & There | Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Examples: Adjectives that look like Adverbs 1/2 - Adverbials - Adverbs of degree 1/2 - Adverbs of frequency 1/2 - Adverbs of manner 1/2/3 - Adverbs of place 1/2 - Adverbs of time 1/2 - Auxiliary Verbs 1/2/3 - Conjunctions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Conjuncts - Definite Article - Demonstrative Adjectives - Demonstrative Pronouns - Disjuncts 1/2 - Indefinite Article - Interrogative Pronouns - Modal Verbs - Negative Pronouns - Numerals (Cardinal Numbers) - Numerals (Ordinal Numbers) - Irregular Adjectives - Some, Any & No 1/2/3 - Parts of Speech - Personal Pronouns (Object) - Personal Pronouns (One) - Personal Pronouns (Subject) - Possessive Adjectives - Possessive Pronouns - Prepositions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Quantifiers 1/2/3 - Reciprocal Pronouns - Reflexive Pronouns - Relative Pronouns - Sentencial Adverbs 1 - Words that can give emphasis 1/2/3/4

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verbatimmag

(E?)(L?) http://www.verbatimmag.com/
the only magazine of language and linguistics for the layperson. We write about words and their uses with verve and humor, concentrating on English in all its variety and all the fun parts of other languages. Names, palindromes, puns and proverbs are also topics of interest. Puzzles, book reviews, SIC! SIC! SIC! and more round out each issue.

verbivore

(E?)(L?) http://www.verbivore.com/
Richard Lederer's Verbovore
the web site woven for wordaholics, logolepts, and verbivores. Carnivores eat meat; herbivores eat plants and vegetables; verbivores devour words.

vocabula

(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabula.com/
A society is generally as lax as its language.

vt - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/hel/hel.html

vt - The Evolution of Present-Day English

Introduction/Brief Overview
"...sprung from some common source" (Sir William Jones, 1786): Indo-European and the Pre-History of English
"Came they of three folk, the strongest of Germania, that of Saxons, and of Angles and Jutes" (Bede): The Beginnings of English in England
"...and were seen fiery dragons in the air flying" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, entry for 793): Vikings & the Influence of Old Norse
"Thus came, lo! England into Normandy's hand" (Robert of Gloucester, ca. 1300): The Norman Conquest and Early Middle English
"And for ther is so gret diversite / In Englissh and in wrytyng of oure tonge..." (Chaucer, ca. 1400): Late Middle English
"I take this present period of our English tung to be the verie height thereof..." (Richard Mulcaster, 1582): Early Modern English
"we had no lawful standard of our language set up" (Lord Chesterfield, 1754): The Development of English Dictionaries
"How barbarously we yet write and speak..." (Dryden, 1679): The Development of English Grammars
"...at the hands of Americans" (Henry Alford, 1863): The American (English) Language
"Do de rite ting": World Englishes
Glossary of Key Terms

By Topic

Language types
Prescriptive Grammar/Correctness
Nouns
Pronouns
Sounds & Spelling
Vocabulary
Standard Englishes
Nonstandard Englishes

For the IDLE Project

From Angles to Americans

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wikipedia - Englische Sprache

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_Sprache

wordorigins - A Brief History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordorigins.org/histeng.htm
A short summary of the history of the English language (includes a chronology).

wordsmith

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/wordlist.html
man findet hier wirklich viele Worterklärungen englischer Begriffe; die Darstellung ist jedoch etwas gewöhnungsbedürftig;

World Wide Words

(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/
Investigating international English from a British viewpoint

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Buecher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Englisch, Anglais, English

amazon - Englisch, Anglais, English

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Bähr, Dieter - Abriß der englischen Sprachgeschichte

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologetymo-20

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 200 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
ISBN: 3825222128

Bähr, Dieter - Einführung in das Altenglische

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologetymo-20

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 191 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
ISBN: 3825222527

Bähr, Dieter - Einführung ins Mittelenglische

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologetymo-20

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 191 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
Erscheinungsdatum: Januar 1997
Auflage: 4., Aufl.
ISBN: 3825203611

Kurzbeschreibung:
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine synchronisch strukturelle Analyse des Mittelenglischen anhand des reich glossierten Prolog der "Canterbury Tales" von Chaucer. Der beigefügte Prolog und das sehr umfangreiche Glossar ermöglichen vor allem dem Anfänger ein selbständiges Arbeiten und den Erwerb des nötigen Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsstoffes.

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Crystal, David - English as a Global Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologetymo-20

Broschiert: 212 Seiten
Verlag: Klett Ernst /Schulbuch (Februar 2004)
Sprache: Englisch

...
Man kann sagen, dass Crystal das Standardwerk zum Thema geschrieben hat, und dass jeder Anglistik-Student oder sprachlich Interessierte seine Freude daran haben wird, es zu lesen.
...

Crystal, David - The Stories of English
Warum sprechen die Engländer nicht Französisch?

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologetymo-20

Als Herausgeber der "Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language", als Schriftsteller und als Radiosprecher in Sachen Sprache kennt sich David Crystal bestens aus in der englischen Sprache.
In diesem Buch beschreibt er die wahre Geschichte der des Gebrauchs der englischen Sprache in der Geschichte. Er zeigt, dass es nie ein einheitliches Englisch gegeben hat, sondern dass es immer viele Varianten des internationalen Englisch gab und zunehmend gibt.

Daneben erfährt man, warum die Engländer nicht Französisch sprechen.

Normalerweise übernehmen die Einwohner eines besetzten Landes die Sprache des Eroberers. Nachdem die französisch sprechenden Normannen 1066 England erobert hatten, wurde natürlich auch Französisch als Verwaltungssprache (am Hof und in der Rechtssprechung) eingeführt. Aber die Eroberer waren rein zahlenmässig den Ureinwohnern unterlegen. Und so schafften Sie es nicht die französische Sprache im Alltag einzuführen. Nach 300 Jahren wurde so Englisch auch wieder als offizielle Verwaltungssprache eingeführt. Aber Latein und Französisch haben tiefe Spuren hinterlassen und die englische Sprache bereichert. Das erklärt auch, warum es im heutigen Englisch oftmals zwei Bezeichnungen für eine Bedeutuzng gibt, eine mehr lateinisch/französisch beeinflusste und eine germanische Variante. Die Grammatik allerdings wurde soweit reduziert, dass sie beiden sprachlichen Anforderungen gerecht werden konnte.

David Crystal hat hier wieder eine umfangreiches Buch (fast 600 Seiten) geschrieben, das einen tiefen Einblick in die Geschichte der englischen Sprache bietet.

Die Kurzbeschreibung bei Amazon lautet:
Language expert, David Crystal, tells the true story of the English language, its origins and many incarnations. Includes entertaining sidebars and panels describing the origins of particular words, phrases and dialects. "Simply the best introductory history of the English language family that we have" J.M. Coetzee

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ku-eichstaett - Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt

(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/euvsw.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/schule.htm
Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit

Da der Lehrstuhl für Englische und Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft den Kontakt mit der interessierten Öffentlichhkeit fördern möchte, stellt diese Website Arbeitsblätter zur Verfügung, die von Studierenden erstellt und anfänglich für den Schulunterricht gedacht waren. Die Seite startete daher unter dem Titel "Service für die Schule". Wir denken aber, dass viele der hier zusammengetragenen Beiträge auch eine breitere Öffentlichkeit ansprechen, und haben der Seite daher den Namen "Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit" gegeben. Die Themen entstammen dabei den verschiedenen Bereichen der Englischen, Europäischen, Deutschen und Französischen Sprachwissenschaft.

Some Dates on the History of the English Language (von J.G.)
American English vs. British English (kleines Rätsel und Überblick von J.G.)
Schimpfwörter in verschiedenen Varietäten des Englischen (B.A.-Arbeit von Verena Gutsche - PDF-Dokument)
The Lord's Prayer (in Old, Middle and Early Modern English) (von J.G.)
On the History of Last Names (von J.G.)
Neologisms in American English: Acronyms and Blendings (Seminararbeit von Claudia König - Word-Dokument)
People who went "down in language" (Über einige Personennamen, die zu ganz normalen Substantiven wurden - von J.G.)
Warum Dinge ihren Namen ändern (populärwissenschaftliche Essays TeilnehmerInnen eines sprachgeschichtlichen Seminars bei J.G.)
Zum Thema "Feministische Linguistik" (ein Einblick in das Thema Feministische Sprachkritik und Sprachreform von Volker Sperber)
Fragebogenuntersuchung zum Thema "Political Correctness" (Seminararbeit von Kirsten Handke - Word-Dokument)
Humor in Australia, England and the USA (Seminararbeit von Daniel Knauer - Word-Dokument)
Sprachwissenschaft für den Sprachunterricht: Einige Hinweise für Englischlehrer (Zusammenfassung eines sprachwissenschaftlichen Proseminars bei J.G.)
Unterschiede zwischen der Early Version und der Late Version der Wyclifbibel (Seminararbeit von Richard Fischer - PDF-Format)
Der Einfluss des Irisch-Gälischen auf die irische Varietät des Englischen im Bereich landwirtschaftlicher Wörter (Seminararbeit von Christian Karl - PDF-Format)
The fate of Middle English loanwords from French (Seminararbeit von Diana Sklarzik - PDF-Format)
Language Policy in Scotland and Northern Ireland (Essay von Daniel Knauer - PDF-Format)
English Language Teaching across Europe (Website zum Erfolg des Englischunterrichts in Deutschland, Litauen und Ungarn, von Birgit Legeland und Vanessa Schnitzler)
Häufig gestellte Fragen zur englischen Sprache im Klassenzimmer (Seminararbeit von Kathrin Lindner - PDF-Dokument)

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