Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Amtssprache, Langue Officielle, Official Language:
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

antonomasia (W3)

• 'Einstein' to refer to a 'scientific genius'
• 'Solomon' to mean 'a wise ruler'

• 'Kleenex' für 'Tissue'
• 'Uhu' für 'Klebstoff'

B

Barbarian - Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans - Barbarians and Savages - blahs and barbarians

bartleby116
Fowler, H.W.
The King’s English

• (1) to pass by all rules, of whatever absolute importance, that are shown by observation to be seldom or never broken; and
• (2) to illustrate by living examples, with the name of a reputable authority attached to each, all blunders that observation shows to be common.

• PART I
• Chapter I. Vocabulary
• General Principles
• Familiar and far-fetched words
• Concrete and abstract expression
• Circumlocution
• Short and long words
• Saxon and Romance words
• Requirements of different styles
• Malaprops
• Neologisms
• Americanisms
• Foreign words
• Formation
• Slang
• Individual
• Mutual
• Unique
• Aggravate
• Chapter II. Syntax
• Case
• Number
• Comparatives and superlatives
• Relatives
• Defining and non-defining relative clauses
• That and who or which
• And who, and which
• Case of the relative
• Miscellaneous uses of the relative
• It … that
• Participle and gerund
• Participles
• The gerund
• Distinguishing the gerund
• Omission of the gerund subject
• Choice between gerund and infinitive
• Shall and will
• The pure system
• The coloured-future system
• The plain-future system
• Second-person questions
• Examples of principal sentences
• Substantival clauses
• Conditional clauses
• Indefinite clauses
• Examples of subordinate clauses
• Perfect infinitive
• Conditionals
• Doubt that
• Prepositions
• Chapter III. Airs and Graces
• Certain types of humour
• Elegant variation
• Inversion
• Exclamatory
• Balance
• In syntactic clauses
• Negative, and false-emphasis
• Miscellaneous
• Archaism
• Occasional
• Sustained
• Metaphor
• Repetition
• Miscellaneous
• Trite phrases
• Irony
• Superlatives without the
• Cheap originality
• Chapter IV. Punctuation
• General difficulties
• General principles
• The spot plague
• Over-stopping
• Under-stopping
• Grammar and punctuation
• Substantival clauses
• Subject, &c., and verb
• Adjectival clauses
• Adverbial clauses
• Parenthesis
• Misplaced commas
• Enumeration
• Comma between independent sentences
• Semicolon with subordinate members
• Exclamations and statements
• Exclamations and questions
• Internal question and exclamation marks
• Unaccountable commas
• The colon
• Miscellaneous
• Dashes
• General abuse
• Legitimate uses
• Debatable questions
• Common misuses
• Hyphens
• Quotation marks
• Excessive use
• Order with stops
• Single and double
• Misplaced
• Half quotation
• PART II
• Some less important chapters had been designed on Euphony, Ambiguity, Negligence, and other points. But as the book would with them have run to too great length, some of the examples have been simply grouped here in independent sections, with what seemed the minimum of comment.
• Euphony
• Jingles
• Alliteration
• Repeated prepositions
• Sequence of relatives
• Sequence of that, &c.
• Metrical prose
• Sentence accent
• Causal as clauses
• Wens and hypertrophied members
• Careless repetition
• Quotation, &c.
• Common misquotations
• Uncommon misquotations of well-known passages
• Misquotation of less familiar passages
• Misapplied and misunderstood quotations and phrases
• Allusion
• Incorrect allusion
• Dovetailed and adapted quotations and phrases
• Trite quotation
• Latin abbreviations, &c.
• Grammar
• Unequal yokefellows and defective double harness
• Common parts
• The wrong turning
• Ellipse in subordinate clauses
• Some illegitimate infinitives
• Split infinitives
• Compound passives
• Confusion with negatives
• Omission of as
• Other liberties taken with as
• Brachylogy
• Between two stools
• The impersonal one
• Between … or
• A placed between the adjective and its noun
• Do as substitute verb
• Fresh starts
• Vulgarisms and colloquialisms
• Meaning
• Tautology
• Redundancies
• As to whether
• Superfluous but and though
• If and when
• Maltreated idioms
• Truisms and contradictions in terms
• Double emphasis
• Split auxiliaries
• Overloading
• Demonstrative, noun, and participle or adjective
• Ambiguity
• False scent
• Misplacement of words
• Ambiguous position
• Ambiguous enumeration
• Style
• Antics
• Journalese
• Somewhat, &c.
• Clumsy patching
• Omission of the conjunction that
• Meaningless while
• Commercialisms
• Pet Phrases
• Also as conjunction; and &c.

bbc - English language History Trail

bbc - English language in different era

bbc - Evolving English
englische Sprache - Beiträge der BBC

• Home - Melvyn Bragg returns to Cumbria and finds that the old ways of speaking are being lost.
• The Dawn of English - English takes on Latin! - eventually becoming the world language of instruction.
• France and England - Where better than Hastings to look at the impact of the French on the English language?
• Tabard Inn to Canterbury - The language of sex and death, as Chaucer and others capture English speech of the time.
• The Power of English... - ...and the English of Power, as the language extends its influence from Court to Edinburgh.
• Import/Export - Conquest, trade and immigration have woven dozens of languages into English.

• Coining It - When a new concept or product comes along, how does it get its name?
• Language at Play - Melvyn has fun and games with puns, wordplay and tongue twisters.
• A Better Class of Language - 'By your vowels, your station shall be known'. How accents and social class are entwined.
• Unspeakable English - Bad language is no new thing. Some swear words originated centuries ago!
• Freezing the River - English is constantly evolving but some linguists have tried to 'freeze' it for all time.
• A World of Many Englishes - 'Two countries separated by a common language', but there're more than two Englishes

• Pitmatic - Talk of the town, talk of the pit in Ashington, Northumberland
• Stroke City - Local talk in the city known variously as Londonderry, Derry and, more recently, as Stroke City
• Cornwall - Melvyn travels west in search of the increasingly elusive Cornish dialect
• No Pigeon - Melvyn visits Brixton to discover the most imitated, influential form of spoken English today.
• Oswestry - Melvyn travels to the Blue Remembered Hills of Shropshire
• Conclusion - The final programme in the series considers the future of English dialects

• What is Spanglish? - We explore the rise of powerful non-English linguistic forces in the United States
• Raj to Riches English - English in India, despite being the imposed language of the imperial power, had equally the force to unite the nation.
• The Hurricane Speaks - Here we take up the story of Caribbean English where the Brixton Routes left off.
• Beyond the Cringe - In the 1950s Australian English was more Westminster than Woolloomooloo - the last days of the "colonial cringe".
• The Long Trek to Freedom - English becomes the language of liberation as Afrikaans takes on the label of oppression
• Whose English Is It, Anyway? - Used on the internet, the UN and between speakers for whom it is native language for neither - Is it English?

bbc
Language Map of UK

bbc - Languages

bbc - Language Gene discovered

bbc - Sound of the Saxons

bbc - The Ages of English Timeline

bbc - The Roots of English

bbc - URP - upper received pronunciation

bbc - Word of Mouth

C

cam - Cmabrigde Uinervtisy - intuitives Lesen

cooper - homonyms list - a list of english homonyms

copyeditor

D

E

eleaston - History of the English Language

eng-lang - English Language Issues

F

furman - The Great Vowel Shift

• See and Hear the GVS
• What is the Great Vowel Shift?
• Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced Speakers
  Explanation | Middle English | 1450 to 1550 | 1550 to 1650 | 1650 to 1750 | Words from the dialogue
• English Literature and the GVS
  Chaucer | Shakespeare | Later Literature
• Terminology/FAQ
  What is a long vowel? | What is this trapezoid? | What do these "letters" represent? | What is PDE?
• Links, Sources, and Credits

furman - The History of English Phonemes

G

geocities

googlealert - Language-Links per E-Mail

H

hel - History of the English Language

History of English - A Brief Look at the History of English

• Old English (or Anglo-Saxon),
• Middle English, and
• Modern English.

historychannel

I

infoplease - English language

infoplease - History of English

J

K

krysstal - Languages and Linguistics

krysstal - English-Speaking Countries - History of English - The Origin and History of the English Language

• Languages and Linguistics
• 30 Most Spoken Languages in the World is a table.
• Borrowed Words
• The Origin of Words and Names
• Writing came after the spoken language.
• UK and US English differences
• Cockney Rhyming Slang
• An Introduction to Grammar
• Travel and Photography
• The Acts of the Democracies
• Eclipses, Occultations and Transits
• Kings and Queens lists the monarchs of England.
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Football
• Fantasy Television
• Cookery
• Other
• Essays on other topics not covered by previous sections: social, cultural, historical, religious, biological, geographical.
• Inventions tabulates the time and location of humanity's greatest inventions.
• Religions of the World describes the world's major religions and includes Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and others with tables and evolution.
• Biblical Contradictions contains a short table of contradictions in the Bible.
• Astrology and Astronomy looks at the differences between astronomy (the science) and astrology (the beleif system).
• It's a WORLD Wide Web, looks at communication on the internet. It discusses how to write for an audience that could be from any of 200 countries without making assumptions that may baffle or offend.
• Animal Kingdom lists the numbers of species of animals by the main divisions of phylum, class, and order.
• Rain explains how different types of rain are caused with diagrams.
• Countries lists the world's countries, including dates, previous names, capitals, form of government and main languages.
• The Frank Zappa Memorial Page is a tribute and contains an album listing and brief biography.

ku-eichstaett - Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt

L

Language (W3)

Language Code (W3)

linguatec - Voice Reader

linguist - Varieties of English Around the World

logophilia

M

mhhe - The Mayfield Handbook of Technical Scientific Writing

• 1. Planning and ProducingDocuments
• 2. Document Types
• 3. Elements of TechnicalDocuments
• 4. Graphs and Figures
• 5. Paragraphs
• 6. Sentences
• 7. Words
• 8. Punctuation
• 9. Mechanics
• 10. Citing Sources and ListingReferences
• 11. Parts of Speech
• 12. Parts of Sentences
• 13. Sentence Types and WordOrder
• 14. Usage Glossary
• 15. Writer's Resources

N

natcorp
British National Corpus (BNC)

• A0U 2313 On even days he whispered about the five different meanings of how's your father and the etymology of knackered, Bob's your uncles , and taking the piss out of X or Y .
• A6B 215 The falling of Burbank, taking us down the moral ladder, and the "saggy bending of the knees"; of Bleistein, taking us down the evolutionary ladder, lead to the declining "smoky candle end of time"; which prepares Burbank and the reader to ponder over "Time's ruins";, the etymology of "ruins"; being important.
• AML 1422 Systematic investigation of the authenticity of the names and of their etymology has not been attempted, although the orthography has been brought up-to-date.
• ASV 361 Callahan had advised me to devote myself to one simple and perhaps impossible mission: to discover the etymology of the word cowabunga.
• B7F 422 The guiding principles then of etymology and precedent would not be acceptable today.
• B7G 2203 I admit that there is something absurd in the notion of machines built around the simple rigour of Boolean logic having to cope with words whose spelling in some cases derives from Dr Sam Johnson's incorrect etymology.
• BMK 1178 As for boffin, although the Oxford English Dictionary states that its etymology is unknown, I have conjectured that this same purist Huxley may inadvertently have been responsible for it.
• CB1 994 I am presumably using words literally when the metaphor is a matter only of etymology ("insight";), and feel still more confident of it when the etymology belongs to the Latin ancestor of the word ("intuition";, from intueor "gaze at";).
• CB1 994 I am presumably using words literally when the metaphor is a matter only of etymology ("insight";), and feel still more confident of it when the etymology belongs to the Latin ancestor of the word ("intuition";, from intueor "gaze at";).
• CB1 998 No doubt many users of the word "introspection"; are unaware of its Latin etymology (from introspicio "look within"), yet they are surely influenced by its affinities with "inspect";, "spectator";, "spectacle"; otherwise, why do they claim to introspect entities as not physical but mental because not extended in space, treating introspection as analogous with sight, which reveals spatial extension, rather than with hearing, smell or taste, which just as much as consciousness of love or anger, hope or fear, exhibit temporal change without spatial extension?
• CBB 136 The siting of the Roman Ermine Street just to the west of Stamford prompted Francis Peck in 1727 to suggest that Stamford was formerly the important Roman town of Durobrivae , originally called Doorebriff He supported the claim with some incoherent etymology that related the name to the Saxon word "Welland";, irrespective of the fact that the gentle Welland does not rage or boil (according to Ekwall's English River Names , Welland means "good stream";).
• CBB 142 Popular etymology has claimed that "Bredcroft"; was the place where the town's medieval bakers kept their ovens and Burton claims there was a court house there, but there is no evidence.
• CCE 125 The etymology of the word Devil and the influence of pagan religion on Christianity, though perhaps interesting in themselves, are of no great theological significance.
• CCV 811 There are cases where technical terms are conventionally used, but add nothing to what could be said in simpler ways: e.g. etymology simply means `;the history of a word';, and morphology simply means `;word structure,.
• CDB 1171 Adam loved words, was fascinated by them, their meanings and what you could do with them, with anagrams and palindromes and rhetorical terms and etymology.
• CDV 225 It is also rather odd, in that no etymology of it is known.
• CGF 1292 This might be called a "metalinguistic"; strategy since it involves self-conscious reflection on words --; their history, their etymology, even sometimes their spelling.
• CGF 1296 She preferred to use vagina --; until she looked it up in the dictionary, which gave its etymology (vagina is Latin for "sheath";, as in where you keep your sword).
• CGF 1299 At other times it is more effective to ignore history and etymology in order to make a feminist point.
• CGF 1303 Similarly, some feminists spell women as wimmin or womyn to avoid including the element men --; even though that is not the true etymology and indeed, the element is not even pronounced.
• CGF 1307 (Incidentally, in this case men have not been above etymologising the word to suit them: Dennis Baron documents the very prevalent early etymology of woman as meaning either "womb-man"; or "woe-to-man";!)
• CGF 1397 Daly and Caputi are especially preoccupied with reclaiming the spiritual powers women were once invested with --; powers hinted at in the etymology of words like glamour , as noted above.
• CKN 485 Tolkien had been brought from South Africa at the age of four; Lewis was a Belfast man schooled in England for whom, like his Mend Tolkien, the Western Front had proved the deepest trauma of a largely bookish life; Charles Williams, an Oxford publisher who died in 1945, was a Londoner; Dorothy Sayers, who died a dozen years later, the daughter of an Anglican clergyman; and Owen Barfield a London solicitor who shared with his friends a passion for all things lexical, and above all for the etymology of words.
• CKN 536 It is also playfully lexical, in a manner that engagingly unites the bookish child and the ageing professor of Anglo-Saxon, and its word-games are totally unlike those of Joyce --; more to do with etymology than punning, more Germanic than Latin, and ultimately populist and patriotic in their insistence on how English arose out of its pre-Conquest roots.
• CKN 550 Its passion for etymology, real or invented, appealed to a vanishing social world that adored word-games and crossword puzzles, and it reflects Tolkien's early years as an editor of the Oxford English Dictionary : in fact he thriftily reworked his philological papers into the texture of his fiction.
• CRM 7538 etymology.
• EA3 950 Non-literate Africans can explain the etymology of words as non-literate English-speakers cannot…
• EAT 306 One might wish to replace the obsolete name of a country or language with the modern name in every definition or etymology.
• EVA 304 The etymology here could well indicate the contact during sleep between the living and the dead, in which case sleep may be regarded as a miniature death that takes a person away from the conscious life of the day.
• EVB 591 etymology and word families
• EVB 592 Most people are fascinated by the way words change their meanings and their form and spelling: your pupils may not know that the history of any one word can be a story in itself (like the etymology of the word" history").
• FAD 1160 Amongst other things, this type of study can contribute to problems in English etymology, for example in dealing with pairs of the type: pack/peck .
• G1N 128 As Jonathan Culler points out, the pun is to the synchronic dimension of language what etymology is to the diachronic dimension (1988:2), and Julia plays on this parallel by confusing the two.
• G1Y 1439 His dismissal of McQueen's argument contrasts the man of the world with the islander, the widely-read man of learning and classical scholarship with the local pastor who had an amateur interest in the etymology of his own language.
• GT4 1172 Thus, in his own commentary, he was able to make apposite reference to Hebrew etymology and exegesis, and to Jewish tradition.
• H0Y 2132 etymology
• HB2 1142 Looking at it another way it is perhaps a neat coupling of the word's etymology.
• HGH 51 Apart from anything else, it leads us into several fascinating areas, such as etymology, linguistic fashion, verbal humour, and the expression of gender --; the last two being particularly difficult roads to travel along, and where the bones of many an unwary linguist can be found along the way.
• HGR 1597 The definitions contained in this dictionary are voluminous descriptions of the etymology of the words, the dictionary being designed for people with a deep interest in the English language.
• HXS 16 The etymology of the medieval French word carries some suggestion of what the characteristic features of tales of this genre were originally considered to be, although nothing detailed enough to form a definition.
• HY0 70 His account of their arrival and his etymology for their name cannot be trusted.
• J7U 14 His view of this" delirious" material (note the etymology of délire) is that it breaks the rules of language (grammar, syntax, semantic cohesion) but that it does not mean nothing.
• J7U 19 A palindrome arises for reasons that have nothing to do with transformational grammar; puns undoubtedly perform some sort of linguistic operation even though they are not accounted for in the grammars; etymology reveals monsters more absurd than the most ignorant folk-etymology can imagine.
• J7U 40 My favourite comes when he is lamenting the decline of etymology as a linguistic discipline; he talks of" the death-toll of etymology" being" sounded"… by the Neo-Grammarians (p. 187).
• J7U 40 My favourite comes when he is lamenting the decline of etymology as a linguistic discipline; he talks of" the death-toll of etymology" being" sounded"… by the Neo-Grammarians (p. 187).
• K93 323 Kingdon (1958b) produced a detailed survey of stress tendencies in a corpus of many thousands of words; the analysis is based not only on phonological structure but also on etymology and morphology.

netcom - Language Sites on the Internet

ntu - History of the English Language

O

omniglot - Links: English language

P

peaklearn - Language Arts - Long List of Links

portmanteau, Portmanteau Words (W3)

psa - English: A Language for the next millenium

Q

queens-english-society - Queens English Society

R

rec-puzzles

Received Pronunciation, RP (W3)

S

scitechdaily

spellingdoctor

spellorg

swan

• Language, Language Teaching/Learning and Linguistics
• Language:
• Dialects/Regional Variants
• Handwriting and Type
• History
• Pronunciation
• Spelling
• Translation
• For reference works, see Reference

• Organisations
• CALL
• Other Resources

• Organisations/Institutions
• Journals
• Other Resources
• Directories and Links Pages

synonym - Synonyms, Antonyms and definitions for English words!

T

theatlantic - Word Watch

U

Uni Fullerton

Uni Laval - Histoire de la langue anglaise

Uni Wuppertal

usingenglish - English Language Tips

• Adjuncts | Adverbials | Adverbs | Articles | As | Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions 2 | Conjuncts | Countable & Uncountable Nouns | Demonstratives | Determiners | Disjuncts | Ditransitive Verbs | Interrogative Adjectives | Interrogative Adverbs | Interrogative Pronouns | Its & It's | Like | Modal Verbs | Monotransitive Verbs | Negative Pronouns | Noun Phrase | Numerals
• Parts of Speech: Alone - Because - But - Few - How - If - Just - Little - Many - Much - Nevertheless - Since - These & Those - This & That - What - Where - Which - While - Who - Whom - Why
• Personal Pronouns | Possessive Adjectives | Possessive Pronouns | Prepositions | Pronouns | Quantifiers | Reciprocal Pronouns | Reflexive Pronouns | Relative Pronouns | So | So & Such 1 | Some & Any 1 | Spell | Such | Themself & Themselves | They're, Their & There | Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
• Examples: Adjectives that look like Adverbs 1/2 - Adverbials - Adverbs of degree 1/2 - Adverbs of frequency 1/2 - Adverbs of manner 1/2/3 - Adverbs of place 1/2 - Adverbs of time 1/2 - Auxiliary Verbs 1/2/3 - Conjunctions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Conjuncts - Definite Article - Demonstrative Adjectives - Demonstrative Pronouns - Disjuncts 1/2 - Indefinite Article - Interrogative Pronouns - Modal Verbs - Negative Pronouns - Numerals (Cardinal Numbers) - Numerals (Ordinal Numbers) - Irregular Adjectives - Some, Any & No 1/2/3 - Parts of Speech - Personal Pronouns (Object) - Personal Pronouns (One) - Personal Pronouns (Subject) - Possessive Adjectives - Possessive Pronouns - Prepositions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Quantifiers 1/2/3 - Reciprocal Pronouns - Reflexive Pronouns - Relative Pronouns - Sentencial Adverbs 1 - Words that can give emphasis 1/2/3/4

V

verbatimmag

verbivore

vocabula

vt - History of the English Language

vt - The Evolution of Present-Day English

• Introduction/Brief Overview
• "...sprung from some common source" (Sir William Jones, 1786): Indo-European and the Pre-History of English
• "Came they of three folk, the strongest of Germania, that of Saxons, and of Angles and Jutes" (Bede): The Beginnings of English in England
• "...and were seen fiery dragons in the air flying" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, entry for 793): Vikings & the Influence of Old Norse
• "Thus came, lo! England into Normandy's hand" (Robert of Gloucester, ca. 1300): The Norman Conquest and Early Middle English
• "And for ther is so gret diversite / In Englissh and in wrytyng of oure tonge..." (Chaucer, ca. 1400): Late Middle English
• "I take this present period of our English tung to be the verie height thereof..." (Richard Mulcaster, 1582): Early Modern English
• "we had no lawful standard of our language set up" (Lord Chesterfield, 1754): The Development of English Dictionaries
• "How barbarously we yet write and speak..." (Dryden, 1679): The Development of English Grammars
• "...at the hands of Americans" (Henry Alford, 1863): The American (English) Language
• "Do de rite ting": World Englishes
• Glossary of Key Terms

• Language types
• Prescriptive Grammar/Correctness
• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Sounds & Spelling
• Vocabulary
• Standard Englishes
• Nonstandard Englishes

• From Angles to Americans

W

wikipedia - Englische Sprache

wordorigins - A Brief History of the English Language

wordsmith

World Wide Words

X

Y

yaelf
English language history

Z

Buecher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

B

Bähr, Dieter - Abriß der englischen Sprachgeschichte

Bähr, Dieter - Einführung in das Altenglische

Bähr, Dieter - Einführung ins Mittelenglische

C

Crystal, David - English as a Global Language

Crystal, David - The Stories of English
Warum sprechen die Engländer nicht Französisch?

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

Viereck, Wolfgang / Viereck, Karin / Ramisch, Heinrich
Atlas Englische Sprache

W

X

Y

Z