Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Amtssprache, Langue Officielle, Official Language:
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

antonomasia (W3)

(E1)(L1) http://www.m-w.com/
'Antonomasia' comes from the Greek 'anti-' meaning 'instead' or 'against', plus 'onomazein', meaning 'to name'.
Originally, the word was used in the sense "the substitution of another designation for a common, obvious, or normal one."
Beispiele:

'Einstein' to refer to a 'scientific genius'
'Solomon' to mean 'a wise ruler'

aber auch:

'Kleenex' für 'Tissue'
'Uhu' für 'Klebstoff'

B

Barbarian - Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans - Barbarians and Savages - blahs and barbarians

From the Greek "barbaroi", meaning "babblers", used to mean non-Greeks, i.e., people who didn't speak Greek; from the sound that the Greeks thought they were making: "bar bar bar bar..."

(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ma/vivekananda/sanscrit3.html
(E?)(L1) http://www.crystalinks.com/barbarians.html
(E1)(L1) http://www.etymonline.com/b2etym.htm
(E1)(L1) http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/wftwarch.pl?052903
May 29, 2003 Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans

(E1)(L1) http://www.takeourword.com/Issue010.html
Issue 10 Spotlight Barbecued Barbarians and Their Barbers

(E1)(L1) http://www.westegg.com/etymology/

bartleby116
Fowler, H.W.
The King’s English

(E?)(L?) http://www.bartleby.com/116/
The plan for the second edition of the classic reference work The King’s English was dictated by the following considerations:

(1) to pass by all rules, of whatever absolute importance, that are shown by observation to be seldom or never broken; and
(2) to illustrate by living examples, with the name of a reputable authority attached to each, all blunders that observation shows to be common.

SECOND EDITION
OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS, 1908
NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 1999

PART I
Chapter I. Vocabulary
General Principles
Familiar and far-fetched words
Concrete and abstract expression
Circumlocution
Short and long words
Saxon and Romance words
Requirements of different styles
Malaprops
Neologisms
Americanisms
Foreign words
Formation
Slang
Individual
Mutual
Unique
Aggravate
Chapter II. Syntax
Case
Number
Comparatives and superlatives
Relatives
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
That and who or which
And who, and which
Case of the relative
Miscellaneous uses of the relative
It … that
Participle and gerund
Participles
The gerund
Distinguishing the gerund
Omission of the gerund subject
Choice between gerund and infinitive
Shall and will
The pure system
The coloured-future system
The plain-future system
Second-person questions
Examples of principal sentences
Substantival clauses
Conditional clauses
Indefinite clauses
Examples of subordinate clauses
Perfect infinitive
Conditionals
Doubt that
Prepositions
Chapter III. Airs and Graces
Certain types of humour
Elegant variation
Inversion
Exclamatory
Balance
In syntactic clauses
Negative, and false-emphasis
Miscellaneous
Archaism
Occasional
Sustained
Metaphor
Repetition
Miscellaneous
Trite phrases
Irony
Superlatives without the
Cheap originality
Chapter IV. Punctuation
General difficulties
General principles
The spot plague
Over-stopping
Under-stopping
Grammar and punctuation
Substantival clauses
Subject, &c., and verb
Adjectival clauses
Adverbial clauses
Parenthesis
Misplaced commas
Enumeration
Comma between independent sentences
Semicolon with subordinate members
Exclamations and statements
Exclamations and questions
Internal question and exclamation marks
Unaccountable commas
The colon
Miscellaneous
Dashes
General abuse
Legitimate uses
Debatable questions
Common misuses
Hyphens
Quotation marks
Excessive use
Order with stops
Single and double
Misplaced
Half quotation
PART II
Some less important chapters had been designed on Euphony, Ambiguity, Negligence, and other points. But as the book would with them have run to too great length, some of the examples have been simply grouped here in independent sections, with what seemed the minimum of comment.
Euphony
Jingles
Alliteration
Repeated prepositions
Sequence of relatives
Sequence of that, &c.
Metrical prose
Sentence accent
Causal as clauses
Wens and hypertrophied members
Careless repetition
Quotation, &c.
Common misquotations
Uncommon misquotations of well-known passages
Misquotation of less familiar passages
Misapplied and misunderstood quotations and phrases
Allusion
Incorrect allusion
Dovetailed and adapted quotations and phrases
Trite quotation
Latin abbreviations, &c.
Grammar
Unequal yokefellows and defective double harness
Common parts
The wrong turning
Ellipse in subordinate clauses
Some illegitimate infinitives
Split infinitives
Compound passives
Confusion with negatives
Omission of as
Other liberties taken with as
Brachylogy
Between two stools
The impersonal one
Between … or
A placed between the adjective and its noun
Do as substitute verb
Fresh starts
Vulgarisms and colloquialisms
Meaning
Tautology
Redundancies
As to whether
Superfluous but and though
If and when
Maltreated idioms
Truisms and contradictions in terms
Double emphasis
Split auxiliaries
Overloading
Demonstrative, noun, and participle or adjective
Ambiguity
False scent
Misplacement of words
Ambiguous position
Ambiguous enumeration
Style
Antics
Journalese
Somewhat, &c.
Clumsy patching
Omission of the conjunction that
Meaningless while
Commercialisms
Pet Phrases
Also as conjunction; and &c.

bbc - English language History Trail

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/legacy_entry.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_yoke
The invaders of Britain left their indelible mark on the English language and culture - from the royal coat of arms to our place names and the words we use everyday. Discover the roots of English by creating your own poem or try to spot the origins of a selection of objects.

bbc - English language in different era

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml
(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/world/index_noflash.shtml
Hier findet man eine kleine Übersicht über die Entwicklung der englischen Sprache von 400 bis 1970 (auch als Flash version).
Choose a time period to find out the comings and goings of the English language in that era.

bbc - Evolving English
englische Sprache - Beiträge der BBC

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series1.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series2.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series3.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/series4.shtml

Home - Melvyn Bragg returns to Cumbria and finds that the old ways of speaking are being lost.
The Dawn of English - English takes on Latin! - eventually becoming the world language of instruction.
France and England - Where better than Hastings to look at the impact of the French on the English language?
Tabard Inn to Canterbury - The language of sex and death, as Chaucer and others capture English speech of the time.
The Power of English... - ...and the English of Power, as the language extends its influence from Court to Edinburgh.
Import/Export - Conquest, trade and immigration have woven dozens of languages into English.

Humour and Cussing

Coining It - When a new concept or product comes along, how does it get its name?
Language at Play - Melvyn has fun and games with puns, wordplay and tongue twisters.
A Better Class of Language - 'By your vowels, your station shall be known'. How accents and social class are entwined.
Unspeakable English - Bad language is no new thing. Some swear words originated centuries ago!
Freezing the River - English is constantly evolving but some linguists have tried to 'freeze' it for all time.
A World of Many Englishes - 'Two countries separated by a common language', but there're more than two Englishes

Accents and Dialects

Pitmatic - Talk of the town, talk of the pit in Ashington, Northumberland
Stroke City - Local talk in the city known variously as Londonderry, Derry and, more recently, as Stroke City
Cornwall - Melvyn travels west in search of the increasingly elusive Cornish dialect
No Pigeon - Melvyn visits Brixton to discover the most imitated, influential form of spoken English today.
Oswestry - Melvyn travels to the Blue Remembered Hills of Shropshire
Conclusion - The final programme in the series considers the future of English dialects

People and Places

What is Spanglish? - We explore the rise of powerful non-English linguistic forces in the United States
Raj to Riches English - English in India, despite being the imposed language of the imperial power, had equally the force to unite the nation.
The Hurricane Speaks - Here we take up the story of Caribbean English where the Brixton Routes left off.
Beyond the Cringe - In the 1950s Australian English was more Westminster than Woolloomooloo - the last days of the "colonial cringe".
The Long Trek to Freedom - English becomes the language of liberation as Afrikaans takes on the label of oppression
Whose English Is It, Anyway? - Used on the internet, the UN and between speakers for whom it is native language for neither - Is it English?

bbc
Language Map of UK

bbc - Languages

(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/languages/
(E?)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/
One standout is the BBC language site, which offers free courses in French, Spanish, German and Italian, as well as basic guides to several other languages. Audio clips guiding pronunciation abound throughout the site, and the bigger courses boast an impressive array of multimedia exposure. Video clips demonstrating conversational exchanges are the central component to the main language courses, with follow-up exercises designed to aid oral and written skills. Another handy offering: extensive links to the BBC World Service, which offers news reports in 43 languages.
For quick reference, the site also has a collection of essential phrases in 30 languages, with a printer-friendly version so you can take it with you as you travel.

Learn some lingo for your holiday
Keep your grey matter active and use your holiday as an opportunity to learn a new language. For an easy start delve into a quick fix and then graduate to one of the steps online in French, Spanish, German or Italian.

bbc - Language Gene discovered

(E?)(L1) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2192969.stm
First language gene discovered - Scientists think they have found the first of many genes that gave humans speech.

bbc - Sound of the Saxons

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/conquestlj/lingo_entry.shtml?site=history_conquestlj_colonists
Play 'Sound of the Saxons'
Imagine giving a speech to the turbulent, unpredictable England which existed under the Vikings. The country is being ravaged by the invaders and King Ethelred has fled to France, leaving the throne empty.
In 1014, Archbishop Wulfstan, a prominent government member, made such a speech. But what did an Anglo-Saxon speech sound like? What did it look like? Find out in 'Sound of the Saxons'.

bbc - The Ages of English Timeline

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/launch_ani_language_tl.shtml
From a West Saxon dialect to a global phenomena, from runes to rap, the development of English follows a fascinating trail.

Ever wondered how Beowulf sounded? Why "pickleherring" was one of Johnson's choice insults? Explore the ten ages of English in this interactive timeline and find out.

bbc - The Roots of English

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/index.shtml

bbc - URP - upper received pronunciation

(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/storysofar/posh.shtml
Routes of English Special - Talking Posh
In this special edition of Routes of English, Melvyn Bragg turns his attention to the mysterious speech patterns of Britain's aristocrats for whom Cadogan Square will forever be "squaur".
But was it ever thus? And is toffs' talk the product of a lineage that in many cases stretches back to the Middle Ages?
...

bbc - Word of Mouth

(E2)(L1) http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/wordofmouth.shtml

C

cam - Cmabrigde Uinervtisy - intuitives Lesen

(E?)(L1) http://www.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/people/matt.davis/home.html
Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

(E?)(L1) http://www.snopes.com/language/apocryph/cambridge.asp
(E?)(L1) http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/0,1518,grossbild-294441-266694,00.html

copyeditor

(E?)(L?) http://www.copyeditor.com/
Welcome to the leading language newsletter

D

dummies
Language Arts

(E?)(L?) http://www.dummies.com/how-to/education-languages/language-arts.html?&sort=TITLE

Asserting Jane Austen's Georgian-ness
Because of the charm of her plots, their setting in merry old England, and the Victorian-styled costumes and 1850 setting used in the first film adaptation of [more…]
Avoiding Common Mistakes with Adjectives and Adverbs
A few words — even, almost, only, and others — often end up in the wrong spots. If these words aren't placed correctly, your sentence may say something that you didn't intend. [more…]
Boosting Your Vocabulary for Standardized Tests
During the years of your formal education, you face numerous standardized tests — at least in the U.S. school system. The following suggestions can help you get your skills up to speed for the reading [more…]
Budgeting Your Time to Complete a Research Paper
In a perfect world, writing a major research paper would be such a delightful experience that you would eagerly jump right in and start writing a brilliant paper that's just the right length and completed [more…]
Choosing to Use Who and Whom
The whole topic of pronouns is enough to give you a headache, but the time has come to put to rest one of the peskiest pronoun problems once and for all. The rule for knowing when to use [more…]
Committing a Few Number-Editing Rules to Memory
Most rules are rife with exceptions in the publishing industry, but a few are so standard and ubiquitous that they're well worth memorizing. One set of rules that are pretty standard is how to deal with [more…]
Copyediting for Political Correctness
What do Tron, Rubik's Cubes, parachute pants, and political correctness have in common? They all got their start in the 1980s. And while Tron is now a cult classic, Rubik's Cubes are tradeshow freebies [more…]
Crafting Your Character's Dialogue in Your Screenplay
A well-crafted verbal exchange is like a catchy song. Diction provides the lyrics; music provides the tune. Dialogue relies on the sounds of words as well as their definitions, on the rhythm of a conversation [more…]
Creating Emotional Conflict and Tension in a Romance Novel
The conflict, or tension, between your hero and heroine should always drive your plot. Your novel should also have a certain story-related momentum, but the key factor that keeps your reader turning pages [more…]
Debunking Some Myths about Copyediting and Proofreading
Maybe you're carrying around some archaic images in your skull about what copyediting and proofreading entail. If you assume that taking this career path means you'll be wearing nerdy glasses while forever [more…]
Decoding Medical Lingo
If you're watching a TV drama about doctors, it doesn't matter whether you understand exactly what's being said. But when you're sitting in a doctor's office and he or she is talking about your child, [more…]
Designing a Computer-Based Training Process
In any good architecture, the vision drives the details, and the details shape the vision. Therefore, a good outcome depends on a good design. It requires knowledge of how people learn, and it deserves [more…]
Developing an Artistic Sensibility for Screenwriting
You've probably heard the saying "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." Now, that doesn't mean that you should copy the stories or even the style of other writers, but you may want to try moving [more…]
Discovering the Key to Every Romance Novel: The Heroine
Most romance readers are women, and naturally, they want to see themselves reflected in their choice of reading. That desire for reflection doesn't mean that every heroine has to be straight from everyday [more…]
Examining the World of the Technical Writer
People who write technical documents come from all walks of life — and most aren't technical writers per se. Here are some actual situations of people who were called upon to write technical documents [more…]
Exploring the Different Types of Fiction
Fiction is a general term used to describe an imaginative work of prose, either a novel, short story, or novella. Recently, this definition has been modified to include both nonfiction works that contain [more…]
A Few Jane Austen-Related Places to Visit
England has numerous sites where you can explore the life and work of Jane Austen. The following are just the tip of the iceberg. When you get to your hotel or bed and breakfast in London, find one of [more…]
Finding Ideas for Your Writing
So you know you want to write a book — you just don't know what you want to write about. For many people, it's not uncommon to think that you need to write about something exotic or different or strange [more…]
Forming a Thesis Statement
You've got a subject ("human-bear interactions") and a topic ("the relationship between Goldilocks and the three bears"). Now it's time to come up with a thesis statement — the point that you want to make [more…]
Getting Comfortable with "Jane" (Austen)
For many Austen fans, reading one of her novels is taking an armchair vacation back to England in the early 1800s, known as the Regency. They see this period as a time of tea and etiquette. The Austen [more…]
Getting Your Arms around a Technical Document
The purpose of writing a technical document is to explain or report on a technical or complex subject. Therefore, unless you're the technical guru writing about something you know intimately, you must [more…]
Knowing Where and When to Have Love Scenes in a Romance Novel
You have to know where to place the love scenes in your book to make them really effective. Even a beautifully written love scene jars the reader when you put it in the wrong place, making her question [more…]
Living Better with Better Grammar
Stuck in English class, you probably thought that grammar was invented just to give teachers something to test. But in fact grammar — or to be more precise, formal grammar instruction — exists to help [more…]
Meeting the Most Often Used Suffixes
Some suffixes are used so frequently in the English language that you may not even think of them — much less recognize them — as suffixes. These include [more…]
Notetaking on the Computer
As far back as stone slabs and as recently as handheld computers, human beings have found ways to take note of information that they do not want to forget. And now that we're officially in the Information [more…]
Preparing to Pitch Your Screenplay to a Studio
Pitching a script is an art form, and although it can be stressful, it's something every writer has to perfect before approaching executives or agents. So what is pitching exactly? [more…]
Proofreading for Common Errors
Proofreaders don't see things the way other people do. They scrutinize. When something is awry, their warning buzzers go off and they swoop down for a better look. They are charged with catching the errors [more…]
Quoting Correctly
A quotation is a written repetition of someone else's words — just one word or a whole statement or passage. You see quotations in almost all writing: newspapers, magazines, novels, essays, letters, and [more…]
Slipping Between the Covers of a Technical Document
When you prepare a lengthy user manual, include all the information readers need and make the information easy to find. Following are guidelines for what to include. [more…]
Snuggling Up to the Language of Poetry
At times, language seems spiritual, as insubstantial as breath on a winter's day. Everything seems slathered and permeated with language — it's how we think and how we see. Yet language is also a physical [more…]
Submitting Your Work of Fiction
The selling of fiction is different from nonfiction, requiring different submission materials. The good news is a fiction submission is much easier to prepare than a nonfiction proposal because in order [more…]
Surviving Research Paper Disasters
Fifteen books, seven Web sites, and over a hundred articles after you started your research paper, disaster strikes. You find the perfect idea in your notes, but no source or page number. Or, you've got [more…]
Tending to Word Roots
A root is the basic element of a word, and it is the foundation on which the meaning of a word is built. Many roots are real words in their own right: [more…]
Tracing Jane Austen's Popularity
Austen is now so popular that even non-novel readers recognize the name from seeing it in various, unexpected places like tea mugs and dating guides. Her immediate Regency siblings and her future Victorian [more…]
Trying to Make Sense of the English Language
For many reasons (most of them too ugly to go into here), English is a pretty tough language to learn. If you're a native speaker of English, you're probably familiar with the idiosyncrasies that make [more…]
Tuning Into the Market for Romance Novels
Many aspiring writers sit down to tell a story without a clear idea about what kind of story they're writing, whether (and where) a market exists for it, or what they'll do with the manuscript when they're [more…]
Understanding the Players in the Publishing Game
The core members of any publishing acquisition team are made up of two very different types: The creative, editorial types and the more financially driven sales and marketing types. Generally speaking, [more…]
Using Apostrophes to Show Possession
Apostrophes are those little curved marks you see hanging from certain letters. They look harmless enough, so why do even well educated people throw them where they don't belong and leave them out where [more…]
Using Em Dashes and En Dashes Properly
Although they are each a simple horizontal line, hyphens and the various dashes have their own appearances and specific uses. The shortest and most common is the hyphen, which is used for clarifying open [more…]
Writing a Sonnet
Learn to write a sonnet in iambic pentameter, just like Shakespeare did. Discover the rhythm and rhyme scheme of the quatrains and couplets that make up a Shakespearean sonnet. [more…]
Writing Act I of Your Screenplay
Every act in the three-act structure has a set of tasks to accomplish. The first act serves as your audience's introduction to the entire world of the script — people, places, time frame, and all. Remember [more…]
Writing Poetry
Millions of people have tried their hand at writing poetry. Often, people turn to writing verse at times of great emotion, insight, or need. And many people who always loved poetry think about writing [more…]

E

eleaston
History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.eleaston.com/etymology.html#HistoryofEnglish
Links zu folgenden Themen:

Who speaks English?
History of English Kryss Katsiavriades
History of English Soon
History of English Douglas F. Hasty
History of English BlueRider
History of English BBC
History of English American Heritage
History of English Edwin Duncan
History of English Peter Erdmann, See-Young Cho
History of English infoplease
History of English Carol Jamison
History of English Suzanne Kemmer
History of English Pétur Knútsson
History of English Tim Morris
History of English Daniel W. Mosser
History of English Daniel W. Mosser
History of English Carol Percy
History of English Questia
History of English Johanna E. Rubba
History of English Philip G. Rusche
Old English incl. audio
American English
British English
Phonological Atlas of North America Univ. of Pennsylvania
The Structure of English Words Univ. of Oregon
English Lexicography Technical University of Berlin
English Word Origins C.A.E. Luschnig
Politics & the English Language: George Orwell

eng-lang
English Language Issues

(E?)(L?) http://www.eng-lang.co.uk/
Articles
This is a selection of articles I have written on English language issues, mostly as a result of questions that kept coming up in various places about correct usage of apostrophes and suchlike.

Rules for correct use of apostrophes
Problems with apostrophes
Style issues
My technical style guide: Web site or website?
Common errors in grammar, punctuation or spelling
Incorrect corrections: things people believe to be poor English, but which are in fact fine.

english
History of the English Language (HEL)

(E?)(L?) http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/hel/hel.html
Pre History

Indo-European
Everything you ever wanted to know about Proto-Indo-European (and the comparative method), but were afraid to ask! (useful bibliography included)...
Nostratic Bibliography
A listing of references pertaining to "Nostratic" compiled by HEL-L...
"What We All Spoke When the World Was Young" (New York Times, Feb. 1, 2000): article on Joseph Greenberg and Eurasiatic
What do you want to know today?
A site at the University of Kentucky where, among other things, one can find Latin, Greek, German, and Sanskrit dictionaries.
Edward Prokosch, A COMPARATIVE GERMANIC GRAMMAR, is available at the ridiculously modest price of $6.00 from the Linguistic Society of America
Germanic Linguistics

Old English Period

The Dictionary of Old English / Old English Corpus
ANSAXDAT
A searchable database of materials generated by the Ansaxnet discussion list. (now on the Web!)
Fontes Anglo-Saxonici: A Register of Written Sources Used by Authors in Anglo-Saxon England is intended to identify all written sources which were incorporated, quoted, translated or adapted anywhere in English or Latin texts which were written in Anglo-Saxon England (i.e. England to 1066), or by Anglo-Saxons in other countries.
MANCASS C11 Database
Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies, Inventory of Script Categories and Spellings in Eleventh-Century English
Old Norse Links
The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records
Cynewulf's Elene (Elizabeth Trelenberg's e-edition)
Wuflstan's Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
Melissan Bernstein's 1996 hypertext edition
Anglo-Saxon Charms (Karen Jolly's translations)
The "Dream of the Rood" and the Ruthwell Cross
The Ruthwell Cross
Mac users will want to download the Times OE font and set their browser defaults to that font...
Ælfric's Homilies on Judith, Esther, and the Maccabees (ed. Stuart Lee)
Anglo-Saxonists from the 16th through the 20th Century
Carl Berkhout's bibliography of five hundred years of Anglo-Saxon scholars and scholarship ...
Old English Resources
Links to e-texts, instructional software, MS images, fonts, CD-ROM, and Anglo-Saxon clip-art...
Lindisfarne Gospels
Preface to a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Peterborough Abbey, c.1121 (Bodleian Library, MS. Laud Misc. 636, fol. 1r).
Learning Old English (Tony Jebson)
Murray McGillivray's Online Old English course
Icelandic Manuscript Collection (The Árni Magnússon Institute in Iceland)

Middle English Period

Online Medieval and Classical Library
Juris Lidaka's handout on ME Versions of Psalm 23
Juris Lidaka's unit on Boethius' Former Age through the ages (for Mac users, thorns appear as '?').
UVa Middle English Texts
Middle English texts in electronic format (University of Virginia)...
The Glossarial Database of Middle English
Glossaries for Chaucer, Gower, and more (Harvard University)...
The Middle English Compendium
Engelond: Resources for 14th-Century English Studies (Linda Voigts: Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City)

Early Modern English

The Great Vowel Shift (Harvard Chaucer Site)
Melinda Menzer's Great Vowel Shift site
Renascence Editions
Works of Shakespeare
King James Bible
Renaissance & 17th-Century Texts (Voice of the Shuttle @ UCSB)
Samuel Johnson (page is maintained by Jack Lynch). Includes lots of Johnson texts, most notably for this site:
The Plan of an English Dictionary
The Preface to The Dictionary of the English Language

American & Present-Day Englishes

American Dialect Society Web Page (note: this is a revised URL as of 12/9/98)
Phonological Atlas of North America (University of Pennsylvania)
BritSpeak
Lowlands-L
Join discussion lists for topics on Lowlands languages
Links to pages on English, Afrikaans, Frisian, Dutch, English, Scots, and Pidgins & Creoles ....
American Sign Language Linguistic Research Project
American Slanguages
World Wide Words
English Only
Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism, by Geoffrey Nunberg
Iowa Passes "English Only" Measure (2/27/02)
U.S. English (advocates for English Only)

Course Syllabi/Syllabuses & Class Materials

The History of English Phonemes (Bill Rogers, Furman University)
Snake's Home Page
Ed Duncan's Home Page, containing a HEL syllabus, links to electronic texts from every chronological stage of the language, and a link to a Hypertext Webster's Dictionary....
Ed Duncan's History of the English Language, Spring 2000 syllabus
Dan Mosser's HEL syllabi/syllabuses
Spring 1997
Spring 1998
Spring 1999
Spring 2000
Spring 2001
Spring 2002
Spring 2005
Susan-Marie Harrington's HEL syllabus
Bibliography on the Development of Standard English
Brian Zahn's Online Dictionary of Linguistic Terminology
John Lawler's Freshman etymology course, "A World of Words"

Conferences/Workshops

Studies in the History of the English Language
A Conference held at UCLA, May 2000
History of the English Language: A Panel on Pedagogy (Abstracts and Papers, SEMA 10/01)

F

furman - The Great Vowel Shift

(E?)(L?) http://alpha.furman.edu/~mmenzer/gvs/

See and Hear the GVS
What is the Great Vowel Shift?
Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced Speakers
Explanation | Middle English | 1450 to 1550 | 1550 to 1650 | 1650 to 1750 | Words from the dialogue
English Literature and the GVS
Chaucer | Shakespeare | Later Literature
Terminology/FAQ
What is a long vowel? | What is this trapezoid? | What do these "letters" represent? | What is PDE?
Links, Sources, and Credits

This site is designed for my students--undergraduates with limited linguistic knowledge who are being introduced to the Great Vowel Shift.

The "Great Vowel Shift" was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift has had long-term implications for, among other things, orthography, the teaching of reading, and the understanding of any English-language text written before or during the Shift. Any standard history of the English language textbook (see our sources) will have a discussion of the GVS. This page gives just a quick overview; our interactive See and Hear page adds sound and animation to give you a better sense of how this all works.

When we talk about the GVS, we usually talk about it happening in eight steps. It is very important to remember, however, that each step did not happen overnight. At any given time, people of different ages and from different regions would have different pronunciations of the same word. Older, more conservative speakers would retain one pronunciation while younger, more advanced speakers were moving to a new one; some people would be able to pronounce the same word two or more different ways. The same thing happens today, of course: I can pronounce the word "route" to rhyme with "boot" or with "out" and may switch from one pronunciation to another in the midst of a conversation. Please see our Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced section for an illustration of this phenomenon.

furman - The History of English Phonemes

(E?)(L?) http://alpha.furman.edu/~wrogers/phonemes/
This Website was constructed by William E. Rogers of the English Department at Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, and Diana Ervin, an English major at Furman. The site is intended to supplement four courses currently taught at Furman: English 38 (History of the English Language), English 39 (English Grammar), English 40 (Medieval English Literature), and English 60 (Chaucer). The construction of this site was made possible by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to Furman University and Wofford College (Furman/Wofford Mellon Program).

This Website is designed to help students of the English language trace the development of the phonemes of English from the Old English period into Present-Day English. The information contained in the site is available in any good textbook on the history of the language, but printed texts normally present the information in a linear fashion corresponding to the chronological development of English. The value of the Website is the hypertextual treatment of the information, which is meant to keep students from having to spend a great deal of time leafing through textbooks.

The navigation bar on the left-hand side of this page mirrors the structure of the site. Click on "Instructions" in the navigation bar for instructions on using the site, or click on the green button here.

ENGLISH PHONEMES:
Instructions for Using Site
Phonology: Consonants | Vowels
Phonemes:
Old English (OE): Consonants | Vowels
Middle English (ME): Consonants | Vowels
Early Modern English (EME): Consonants | Vowels
Present-Day English (PDE): Consonants | Vowels
Sound-Changes
Spelling
Useful Links

G

geocities

(E?)(L?) http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/9783/word.html
a page dedicated to words

googlealert - Language-Links per E-Mail

(E?)(L1) http://www.googlealert.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.googlealert.com/feed/0629/cogooglert.4.html

H

hel - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/hel/hel.html
...
To subscribe to our discussion list (HEL-L), click on the following URL: http://wiz.cath.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/hel-l and follow the instructions for subscribing.

A searchable archive of the HEL-L discussion list is maintained at the LINGUIST web site. To go directly to the HEL-L archive, 1994-Present, click here.
...

History of English - A Brief Look at the History of English

The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called

Old English (or Anglo-Saxon),
Middle English, and
Modern English.

The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:
...

historychannel

(E?)(L?) http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/
berühmte Reden

I

infoplease - English language

(E?)(L1) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0817376.html

infoplease - History of English

(E?)(L1) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0857999.html

J

K

krysstal
Languages and Linguistics

(E?)(L?) http://www.krysstal.com/language.html#borrow
Language Families : The English Language : Words
Grammar : History of Writing : UK and USA English : London English
Place Names : Writing for the Internet
Essays, Tables and Lists
Language Families
Languages are grouped together into families. Languages belonging to the same family share common ancestors. This essay looks at some of the more common and important language families. These are described in general terms with unusual or interesting grammars indicated for selected languages.
There are descriptions of several language families in detail: Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Sino-Tibetan, Malayo-Polynesian, Afro-Asiatic, Caucasian, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Other Families.
There is also a listing of the 30 Most Spoken Languages in the world.
The English Language: A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English.
Borrowed Words in English: A collection of words in the English language that were originally borrowed from other languages. The list features languages as diverse as Arabic, Hindi, Cree, Italian and Ewe. Borrowed words include algebra, ketchup, baron, caravan, patio, lava, clock, theory, shampoo, doctor, and chocolate.
There is a search engine for looking up borrowed words by language, continent, language family, and type of word.
Writing
The development, history and evolution of the world's writing systems. Beginning with pictographic forms and outlining the invention of the alphabet.
A map shows the evolution of scripts, alphabets and syllabaries with links to several examples: Amharic, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Bengali, Berber, Brahmi, Burmese, Cham, Chinese Characters, Chinese Pictograms, Coptic, Cuniform, Cyrillic, Etruscan, Georgian, Greek, Gujerati, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Latin (Roman and Modern), Lepcha, Linear B, Malayalam, Maldivian, Mayan, Mongolian, Nastaliq, Oriya, Phonecian, Punjabi, Runic, Samaritan, Sanskrit, Sinhalese, Syriac, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Tocharian, Ugarit.
Words And Names: The origin of names (both of people and places). The origin and evolution of selected words. Brief descriptions with many examples.
English: UK and USA: Differences in the usage of English in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Some differences are trivial, others could cause embarassment.
"Have a butchers, me old china!"
Grammar: An essay on grammar defining different parts of speech with examples mainly from English but also from different languages. Terms defined include nouns, verbs ( with descriptions of mood, tense and voice), adjectives, adverbs and more.
It's a WORLD Wide Web: This essay is about communicating over the internet in English.
Many writers on the web assume that their readers will be from a particular country ("the Prime Minster says..."), cultural background ("the holiday season is approaching..."), hemisphere ("now that spring is here...") or religion ("merry Christmas...").
These assumptions can be a bar to effective communication and may even cause offence.
KryssTal Related Pages
The Western Media: Why the Western media does not always report everything that is going on in the world. From a linguistic point of view, this essay includes a section on how language is used to obscure facts and mould public opinion.
External Language and Linguistics Links
Language Families: A complete index to many of the world's language families.
Language for Travellers: A web site featuring languages useful for travellers.
Webster's Dictionary: An excellent American dictionary.
Etymology: An excellent etymological site with many links and a section on World English.
First Names: Very large site for the etymology and history of first names.
Language Miniatures: A very thought provoking series of essays about language.
Numbers: A list of the numbers 1 to 10 in thousands of languages and many more language resources.
So You Wanna: So you want to know the most spoken languages in the World. Plus more on languages.

krysstal - English-Speaking Countries - History of English - The Origin and History of the English Language

(E?)(L1) http://www.krysstal.com/english.html
(E?)(L1) http://www.krysstal.com/index.html#language
The Web Site is a United Kingdom based educational and information web site by Kryss Katsiavriades and Talaat Qureshi in London.

The English Language - A short history of the world's most widespread language from its Anglo Saxon origins via Norman and Latin influences to Modern English. - Including the origin of words, borrowed words and language families.

Hinweise zur Geschichte, Verbreitung, Statistik, Dialekte, Einflüsse der englischen Sprache.

KryssTal Site Search Web Search:

Languages and Linguistics
30 Most Spoken Languages in the World is a table.
Borrowed Words
The Origin of Words and Names
Writing came after the spoken language.
UK and US English differences
Cockney Rhyming Slang
An Introduction to Grammar
Travel and Photography
The Acts of the Democracies
Eclipses, Occultations and Transits
Kings and Queens lists the monarchs of England.
Astronomy
Mathematics
Physics
Chemistry
Football
Fantasy Television
Cookery
Other
Essays on other topics not covered by previous sections: social, cultural, historical, religious, biological, geographical.
Inventions tabulates the time and location of humanity's greatest inventions.
Religions of the World describes the world's major religions and includes Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and others with tables and evolution.
Biblical Contradictions contains a short table of contradictions in the Bible.
Astrology and Astronomy looks at the differences between astronomy (the science) and astrology (the beleif system).
It's a WORLD Wide Web, looks at communication on the internet. It discusses how to write for an audience that could be from any of 200 countries without making assumptions that may baffle or offend.
Animal Kingdom lists the numbers of species of animals by the main divisions of phylum, class, and order.
Rain explains how different types of rain are caused with diagrams.
Countries lists the world's countries, including dates, previous names, capitals, form of government and main languages.
The Frank Zappa Memorial Page is a tribute and contains an album listing and brief biography.

ku-eichstaett - Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt

(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/euvsw.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/schule.htm
Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit

Da der Lehrstuhl für Englische und Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft den Kontakt mit der interessierten Öffentlichhkeit fördern möchte, stellt diese Website Arbeitsblätter zur Verfügung, die von Studierenden erstellt und anfänglich für den Schulunterricht gedacht waren. Die Seite startete daher unter dem Titel "Service für die Schule". Wir denken aber, dass viele der hier zusammengetragenen Beiträge auch eine breitere Öffentlichkeit ansprechen, und haben der Seite daher den Namen "Sprachwissenschaft für die Öffentlichkeit" gegeben. Die Themen entstammen dabei den verschiedenen Bereichen der Englischen, Europäischen, Deutschen und Französischen Sprachwissenschaft.

Some Dates on the History of the English Language (von J.G.)
American English vs. British English (kleines Rätsel und Überblick von J.G.)
Schimpfwörter in verschiedenen Varietäten des Englischen (B.A.-Arbeit von Verena Gutsche - PDF-Dokument)
The Lord's Prayer (in Old, Middle and Early Modern English) (von J.G.)
On the History of Last Names (von J.G.)
Neologisms in American English: Acronyms and Blendings (Seminararbeit von Claudia König - Word-Dokument)
People who went "down in language" (Über einige Personennamen, die zu ganz normalen Substantiven wurden - von J.G.)
Warum Dinge ihren Namen ändern (populärwissenschaftliche Essays TeilnehmerInnen eines sprachgeschichtlichen Seminars bei J.G.)
Zum Thema "Feministische Linguistik" (ein Einblick in das Thema Feministische Sprachkritik und Sprachreform von Volker Sperber)
Fragebogenuntersuchung zum Thema "Political Correctness" (Seminararbeit von Kirsten Handke - Word-Dokument)
Humor in Australia, England and the USA (Seminararbeit von Daniel Knauer - Word-Dokument)
Sprachwissenschaft für den Sprachunterricht: Einige Hinweise für Englischlehrer (Zusammenfassung eines sprachwissenschaftlichen Proseminars bei J.G.)
Unterschiede zwischen der Early Version und der Late Version der Wyclifbibel (Seminararbeit von Richard Fischer - PDF-Format)
Der Einfluss des Irisch-Gälischen auf die irische Varietät des Englischen im Bereich landwirtschaftlicher Wörter (Seminararbeit von Christian Karl - PDF-Format)
The fate of Middle English loanwords from French (Seminararbeit von Diana Sklarzik - PDF-Format)
Language Policy in Scotland and Northern Ireland (Essay von Daniel Knauer - PDF-Format)
English Language Teaching across Europe (Website zum Erfolg des Englischunterrichts in Deutschland, Litauen und Ungarn, von Birgit Legeland und Vanessa Schnitzler)
Häufig gestellte Fragen zur englischen Sprache im Klassenzimmer (Seminararbeit von Kathrin Lindner - PDF-Dokument)

L

Language (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

Language Code (W3)

(E3)(L1) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/w/wiki.phtml?PHPSESSID=97ff51cc9e07858c2fc30dd48b4c71f2&search=language+code

Latinisierung Englands
Latinisierung der englischen Sprache (W3)

Eine - wie ich finde - besonders interessante Entwicklung der Entwicklung mit Auswirkung auf die englische Sprache fand im Jaht 1066 statt.

Obwohl die Römer bereits vor 2000 Jahren in England waren, hatten sie es nicht geschafft, die lateinische Sprache nachhaltig zu etablieren. In Gallien (Frankreich) wurde die lateinische Umgangssprache der römischen Söldner dahingegen zum heutigen Französisch kultiviert.

Die normannischen Einwanderungen, die meist kriegerisch verliefen, dominierten den einstigen Einfluß der Römer nachhaltig. Und so war England bis zum Jahr 1066 vorwiegend von den skandinavischen Wikingern und deren Sprache beeinflußt.

Die Normannen, die sich jedoch in der - nach Ihnen benannten - Normandie niederließen, nahmen nach kurzer Zeit gallisch-römische Sitten und das latinisiserte Idiom an. Im Nachhinein war es also ein geschickter Zug des französischen/westfränkischen Königs (Karl der Einfältige) im Jahr 911, einen Teil der Wikinger (unter ihrem Anführer Jarl Rollo) mit einer Landschenkung zu Verbündeten zu machen und damit ein Bollwerk gegen weitere Normanneneinfälle zu schaffen.

Und nun kam also das Jahr 1066. Auf Grund der noch gepflegten familiären Beziehungen leitete auch der normannische Herzog Wilhelm (der Eroberer) ein Anrecht auf den englischen Thron ab. Als König Eduard am 05. Januar 1066 kinderlos starb erhoben drei Verwandte Anspruch auf den englischen Thron.

Harald II. Godwinson, schon am 05. Januar 1066 zum neuen König gewählt, war der Sohn von Godwin von Wessex, dem Führer einer angelsächsischen Gruppierung in England.
König Harald III. Hardrada von Norwegen, der Enkel Knuds des Großen, der England von 1016 bis 1035 regiert hatte.
Der Normannenherzog Wilhelm, der seinen Anspruch auf den englischen Thron von der Zusage des 1064 in der Normandie weilenden König Eduard ableitete.

Ob nun geschickt geplant oder Nutznießer der Geschichte - Wilhelm ging als lachender Dritter aus dem Streit hervor.

Der bereits amtierende König Harald II. wehrte den Einfall von 300 Schiffen des norwegischen Harald im Norden Englands erfolgreich ab. Als er erfuhr, dass der Normanne Wilhelm auf dem Weg war, an der Südküste Englands zu landen, führte er seine bereist erschöpften Krieger in einem Gewaltmarsch in den Süden der Insel. Vermutlich verdankte Wilhelm dieser Doppel- und Dreifachbelastung der Verteidiger Englands den Sieg.

Und so übernahmen nun die Verwandten aus dem bereits latinisierten europäischen Festland die Herrschaft in England. Als neue politische und kriegerische Oberschicht, bestimmten sie auch wesentlich die Sitten und die Sprache in England. Und so kam es, dass die einstigen Wikinger/Nordmänner nun die Latinisierung Englands (in Form des Altfranzösischen) betrieben.

Ein weiterer interessanter Aspekt ist, dass im Gefolge Wilhelms nicht nur Nordmänner waren sondern auch Angehörige der bereits länger an der Nordküste siedelnden Bewohner, eben Gallier und Bretonen. Und die Bretonen waren ihrerseits einst aus "Großbritannien" gekommen, um "Kleinbritannien" ("Little Brittany", "Bretagne") zu besiedeln. Somit kamen also auch die Nachfolger ehemalier Britten latinisiert nach England zurück, um nun auf Seiten der Herrscher die Latinisierung ihrer Verwandten zu betreiben.

Hätte der norwegische Harald dem normannischen Wilhelm den Vortritt gelassen - wäre also Harald erst an der Nordküste gelandet nachdem Wilhelm an der Südküste gelandet, so hätten die Truppen des englischen Harald II. sich im Süden abgekämpft - vermutlich gesiegt - und wären nach dem Marsch nach Norden erschöpft auf die norwegische Invasion getroffen. Und die Geschichte hätte eine vollkommen andere Richtung genommen. Die Weltsprache Englisch würde wesentlich mehr dem Norwegischen ähneln.

So aber kamen zu den bereits skandinavisch-sächsisch geprägten britischen Spracheinheiten die fränkisch durchsetzten vulgärlatinisiserten gallischen Varianten hinzu und verdoppelten den Wortschatz der englischen Sprache. Und ehemalige Skandinavier und Britten betrieben die Eingemeindung ins latinisierte Europa, lange nachdem die Römer die Insel verlassen hatten und überhaupt von der europäischen Bühne verschwunden waren.

Die Fähigkeit Wörter aus anderen Sprachen aufzunehmen hat die englische Sprache bis heute nicht verloren. Und so findet man im "Concise Oxford Dictionary" Wörter aus 87 Sprachen. Während für Französisch 150.000 Wörter geschätzt werden, geht man im Englischen von 400.000 bis 600.000 Wörtern aus.

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_in_r%C3%B6mischer_Zeit

Großbritannien in römischer Zeit

1 Vorrömisches Britannien
2 Erster Feldzug Caesars 55 v. Chr.
3 Zweiter Feldzug Caesars 54 v. Chr.
4 Eroberung Britanniens 43 n. Chr.
5 Abschluss der Eroberung
6 Festigung der Nordgrenze
7 Romanisierung
8 Spätantike
9 Dunkles Zeitalter
10 Wirtschaft
11 Provinzen und Verwaltung
11.1 Bekannte Civitates Britanniens
12 Zeittafel
13 Siehe auch
14 Literatur
14.1 Quellen
14.2 Sekundärliteratur
15 Weblinks

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelsachsen
Angelsachsen

1 Herkunft der Angelsachsen
1.1 Der Name
2 Anfänge bis zur Besiedlung der britischen Insel
3 Siedlungsgeschichte in England
3.1 Angelsächsische Stämme
3.2 Siedlungswesen- und Formen
3.3 Wikingerzeit
4 Kultur der Angelsachsen
4.1 Sprache und Schrift
4.2 Heidnische Religion
4.2.1 Christianisierung
5 Siehe auch
6 Literatur
7 Weblinks
8 Einzelnachweise

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Englands
Geschichte Englands

1 Vor-Römisches England
2 Römische Zeit
3 Die Sächsische Eroberung
3.1 Die Kleinkönigreiche
3.2 Christianisierung
4 Die Wikingerzeit
4.1 Erste Angriffe und Entstehung des dänischen Siedlungsgebiets
4.2 Entstehung des Königreiches England
4.3 England im dänischen Großreich
4.4 Die letzten angelsächsischen Könige
5 England im Hochmittelalter
5.1 Aufbau der normannischen Herrschaft
5.2 Bürgerkrieg und Dynastie Plantagenet
5.3 Entstehung des englischen Parlamentarismus
5.4 Ausdehnung in die benachbarten Territorien
5.5 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Hochmittelalter
5.6 Geistesleben im Hochmittelalter
6 England im Spätmittelalter
6.1 Der Hundertjährige Krieg
6.2 Die Rosenkriege
6.3 Die letzte Erhebung der Waliser
6.4 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Spätmittelalter
7 Die Tudor-Epoche
7.1 Konsolidierung der Tudor-Herrschaft
7.2 Erste Regierungsjahre Heinrichs VIII.
7.3 Der Bruch mit Rom
7.4 Die Krise der Tudors
7.5 Die Herrschaft Marias I.
7.6 Geistesleben im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit
8 Das Elisabethanische Zeitalter
8.1 Durchsetzung der Reformation
8.2 Wachsender Einfluss auf Schottland
8.3 Konflikt mit Spanien
8.4 Letzte Herrschaftsjahre Elisabeths
8.5 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im 16. Jahrhundert
8.6 Geistesleben im 16. Jahrhundert
9 Die Stuart-Epoche
9.1 Jakob I. – Der erfolglose Reformer
9.2 Karl I. – Ringen mit den Parlamenten
9.3 Der Bürgerkrieg
10 Commonwealth of England
11 Wiederherstellung und neue Krise der Monarchie
12 „Glorreiche Revolution“
12.1 Die Vorgeschichte
12.2 Die Revolution
12.3 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im 17. Jahrhundert
12.4 Geistesleben im 17. Jahrhundert
13 Fußnoten
14 Siehe auch
15 Literatur (in Auswahl)
16 Weblinks

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1066
(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannische_Eroberung_Englands
Normannische Eroberung Englands

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne
Bretagne

1 Geographie
2 Klima
3 Geschichte
3.1 Die Römer
3.2 Bretonische Einwanderung
3.3 Königreich, Karolinger, Herzogtum Bretagne
3.4 Mittelalter und Französische Feudalzeit
3.5 Die Neuzeit
3.6 Der Erste Weltkrieg
3.7 Die Zwischenkriegszeit
3.8 Der Zweite Weltkrieg
3.9 Nach 1945
4 Bevölkerung, Sprache und Kultur
4.1 Sprache
4.2 Religion
4.3 Kultur
5 Politik
6 Politische Gliederung
7 Wirtschaft
7.1 Energie
8 Verkehr
9 Literatur
10 Weblinks
11 Quellen

...
Bretonische Einwanderung

Ab etwa 450 n. Chr., nach dem Niedergang des Römischen Reiches, wanderten christianisierte Waliser auf die bretonische Halbinsel ein. Gleichzeitig dehnten sich die Siedlungsgebiete der heidnischen Sachsen, Angeln und Jüten auf der britischen Hauptinsel immer weiter aus. So setzten etwa zwei Jahrhunderte lang in unregelmäßigen Abständen sogenannte Inselkelten in die Bretagne über. Sie besiedelten und christianisierten Aremorica und brachten ihre Sprache in das bereits lange romanisierte Gallien. Das Bretonische geht also nicht auf die zu Caesars Zeiten in der Bretagne gesprochene keltische Sprache, das Gallische zurück. Im Zuge der Stärkung der keltischen Sprache und Kultur wurden die Gallorömer immer weiter zurückgedrängt, bis sie die Vorherrschaft um 580 endgültig verloren.
...

(E?)(L?) http://geoffboxell.tripod.com/words.htm
The Effect of 1066 on the English Language

Erstellt: 2010-03

linguatec - Voice Reader

linguist - Varieties of English Around the World

logophilia

(E?)(L1) http://www.logophilia.com/
The Website for Word Lovers - Newsletter, Word Spy, Words About Words, Word Play, Scrabble® Search, The Descrabbler, Word Prospector, A Web site by Paul McFedries

M

merriam-webster
What are the origins of the English Language?

(E?)(L?) http://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq/history.htm
The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called "Old English" (or "Anglo-Saxon"), "Middle English", and "Modern English". The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down.
...

mhhe - The Mayfield Handbook of Technical Scientific Writing

(E6)(L1) http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/home.htm
(E6)(L1) http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/tsw/toc.htm
mit folgenden Kapiteln:

1. Planning and ProducingDocuments
2. Document Types
3. Elements of TechnicalDocuments
4. Graphs and Figures
5. Paragraphs
6. Sentences
7. Words
8. Punctuation
9. Mechanics
10. Citing Sources and ListingReferences
11. Parts of Speech
12. Parts of Sentences
13. Sentence Types and WordOrder
14. Usage Glossary
15. Writer's Resources

N

natcorp
British National Corpus (BNC)

(E?)(L?) http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/
(E?)(L?) http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html
...
The British National Corpus (BNC) is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of current British English, both spoken and written. ...
If you just want a taste of what is in the BNC, you can perform a simple search using the World Wide Web. You can do this directly from the web browser you are currently using to read this page, without registering.
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(E?)(L?) http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/saraWeb?qy=Etymology
(10.03.2005):

Results of your search - Your query was "etymology": Only 47 solutions found for this query:

A0U 2313 On even days he whispered about the five different meanings of how's your father and the etymology of knackered, Bob's your uncles , and taking the piss out of X or Y .
A6B 215 The falling of Burbank, taking us down the moral ladder, and the "saggy bending of the knees"; of Bleistein, taking us down the evolutionary ladder, lead to the declining "smoky candle end of time"; which prepares Burbank and the reader to ponder over "Time's ruins";, the etymology of "ruins"; being important.
AML 1422 Systematic investigation of the authenticity of the names and of their etymology has not been attempted, although the orthography has been brought up-to-date.
ASV 361 Callahan had advised me to devote myself to one simple and perhaps impossible mission: to discover the etymology of the word cowabunga.
B7F 422 The guiding principles then of etymology and precedent would not be acceptable today.
B7G 2203 I admit that there is something absurd in the notion of machines built around the simple rigour of Boolean logic having to cope with words whose spelling in some cases derives from Dr Sam Johnson's incorrect etymology.
BMK 1178 As for boffin, although the Oxford English Dictionary states that its etymology is unknown, I have conjectured that this same purist Huxley may inadvertently have been responsible for it.
CB1 994 I am presumably using words literally when the metaphor is a matter only of etymology ("insight";), and feel still more confident of it when the etymology belongs to the Latin ancestor of the word ("intuition";, from intueor "gaze at";).
CB1 994 I am presumably using words literally when the metaphor is a matter only of etymology ("insight";), and feel still more confident of it when the etymology belongs to the Latin ancestor of the word ("intuition";, from intueor "gaze at";).
CB1 998 No doubt many users of the word "introspection"; are unaware of its Latin etymology (from introspicio "look within"), yet they are surely influenced by its affinities with "inspect";, "spectator";, "spectacle"; otherwise, why do they claim to introspect entities as not physical but mental because not extended in space, treating introspection as analogous with sight, which reveals spatial extension, rather than with hearing, smell or taste, which just as much as consciousness of love or anger, hope or fear, exhibit temporal change without spatial extension?
CBB 136 The siting of the Roman Ermine Street just to the west of Stamford prompted Francis Peck in 1727 to suggest that Stamford was formerly the important Roman town of Durobrivae , originally called Doorebriff He supported the claim with some incoherent etymology that related the name to the Saxon word "Welland";, irrespective of the fact that the gentle Welland does not rage or boil (according to Ekwall's English River Names , Welland means "good stream";).
CBB 142 Popular etymology has claimed that "Bredcroft"; was the place where the town's medieval bakers kept their ovens and Burton claims there was a court house there, but there is no evidence.
CCE 125 The etymology of the word Devil and the influence of pagan religion on Christianity, though perhaps interesting in themselves, are of no great theological significance.
CCV 811 There are cases where technical terms are conventionally used, but add nothing to what could be said in simpler ways: e.g. etymology simply means `;the history of a word';, and morphology simply means `;word structure,.
CDV 225 It is also rather odd, in that no etymology of it is known.
CGF 1292 This might be called a "metalinguistic"; strategy since it involves self-conscious reflection on words --; their history, their etymology, even sometimes their spelling.
CGF 1296 She preferred to use vagina --; until she looked it up in the dictionary, which gave its etymology (vagina is Latin for "sheath";, as in where you keep your sword).
CGF 1299 At other times it is more effective to ignore history and etymology in order to make a feminist point.
CGF 1303 Similarly, some feminists spell women as wimmin or womyn to avoid including the element men --; even though that is not the true etymology and indeed, the element is not even pronounced.
CGF 1307 (Incidentally, in this case men have not been above etymologising the word to suit them: Dennis Baron documents the very prevalent early etymology of woman as meaning either "womb-man"; or "woe-to-man";!)
CGF 1397 Daly and Caputi are especially preoccupied with reclaiming the spiritual powers women were once invested with --; powers hinted at in the etymology of words like glamour , as noted above.
CKN 485 Tolkien had been brought from South Africa at the age of four; Lewis was a Belfast man schooled in England for whom, like his Mend Tolkien, the Western Front had proved the deepest trauma of a largely bookish life; Charles Williams, an Oxford publisher who died in 1945, was a Londoner; Dorothy Sayers, who died a dozen years later, the daughter of an Anglican clergyman; and Owen Barfield a London solicitor who shared with his friends a passion for all things lexical, and above all for the etymology of words.
CKN 536 It is also playfully lexical, in a manner that engagingly unites the bookish child and the ageing professor of Anglo-Saxon, and its word-games are totally unlike those of Joyce --; more to do with etymology than punning, more Germanic than Latin, and ultimately populist and patriotic in their insistence on how English arose out of its pre-Conquest roots.
CKN 550 Its passion for etymology, real or invented, appealed to a vanishing social world that adored word-games and crossword puzzles, and it reflects Tolkien's early years as an editor of the Oxford English Dictionary : in fact he thriftily reworked his philological papers into the texture of his fiction.
CRM 7538 etymology.
EA3 950 Non-literate Africans can explain the etymology of words as non-literate English-speakers cannot…
EAT 306 One might wish to replace the obsolete name of a country or language with the modern name in every definition or etymology.
EVA 304 The etymology here could well indicate the contact during sleep between the living and the dead, in which case sleep may be regarded as a miniature death that takes a person away from the conscious life of the day.
EVB 591 etymology and word families
EVB 592 Most people are fascinated by the way words change their meanings and their form and spelling: your pupils may not know that the history of any one word can be a story in itself (like the etymology of the word" history").
FAD 1160 Amongst other things, this type of study can contribute to problems in English etymology, for example in dealing with pairs of the type: pack/peck .
G1N 128 As Jonathan Culler points out, the pun is to the synchronic dimension of language what etymology is to the diachronic dimension (1988:2), and Julia plays on this parallel by confusing the two.
G1Y 1439 His dismissal of McQueen's argument contrasts the man of the world with the islander, the widely-read man of learning and classical scholarship with the local pastor who had an amateur interest in the etymology of his own language.
GT4 1172 Thus, in his own commentary, he was able to make apposite reference to Hebrew etymology and exegesis, and to Jewish tradition.
H0Y 2132 etymology
HB2 1142 Looking at it another way it is perhaps a neat coupling of the word's etymology.
HGH 51 Apart from anything else, it leads us into several fascinating areas, such as etymology, linguistic fashion, verbal humour, and the expression of gender --; the last two being particularly difficult roads to travel along, and where the bones of many an unwary linguist can be found along the way.
HGR 1597 The definitions contained in this dictionary are voluminous descriptions of the etymology of the words, the dictionary being designed for people with a deep interest in the English language.
HXS 16 The etymology of the medieval French word carries some suggestion of what the characteristic features of tales of this genre were originally considered to be, although nothing detailed enough to form a definition.
HY0 70 His account of their arrival and his etymology for their name cannot be trusted.
J7U 14 His view of this" delirious" material (note the etymology of délire) is that it breaks the rules of language (grammar, syntax, semantic cohesion) but that it does not mean nothing.
J7U 19 A palindrome arises for reasons that have nothing to do with transformational grammar; puns undoubtedly perform some sort of linguistic operation even though they are not accounted for in the grammars; etymology reveals monsters more absurd than the most ignorant folk-etymology can imagine.
J7U 40 My favourite comes when he is lamenting the decline of etymology as a linguistic discipline; he talks of" the death-toll of etymology" being" sounded"… by the Neo-Grammarians (p. 187).
J7U 40 My favourite comes when he is lamenting the decline of etymology as a linguistic discipline; he talks of" the death-toll of etymology" being" sounded"… by the Neo-Grammarians (p. 187).
K93 323 Kingdon (1958b) produced a detailed survey of stress tendencies in a corpus of many thousands of words; the analysis is based not only on phonological structure but also on etymology and morphology.

neatorama
New Word Order

In der Ausgabe December 2009 von "National Geographic" ist ein Artikel "New Word Order" zu finden. Darin wird das Ergebnis der Forschungen des englischen Linguisten Mark Pagel an der "University of Reading" vorgestellt.

Demnach ändern sich Verben und Adjektive einer Sprache schneller als Substantive, Zahlen und Pronomen. Eine Erklärung dieses Phänomens steht allerdings noch aus.

(E?)(L?) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7911645.stm
(E?)(L?) http://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2009/02/27/words_feature.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7911000/7911716.stm
Auf diese Seite findet man eine Tonbeitrag zum Thema (nach "Mark Pagel" suchen").

(E?)(L?) http://www.neatorama.com/tag/mark-pagel/
The Oldest Words in the English Language
Posted by Alex in Book & Lit on February 26, 2009 at 3:13 pm

Mark Pagel, evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading, and colleagues have identified some of the oldest words in the English language using computer analyses:

Reading University researchers claim "I", "we", "two" and "three" are among the most ancient, dating back tens of thousands of years. [...]

At the root of the Reading University effort is a lexicon of 200 words that is not specific to culture or technology, and is therefore likely to represent concepts that have not changed across nations or millennia.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13267-languages-evolve-in-sudden-leaps-not-creeps.html

ntu - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ntu.edu.sg/home/mdamodaran/

O

omniglot - Links: English language

(E?)(L1) http://www.omniglot.com/links/english.htm

General sites about the English language
Dialects of English
Guides to various varieties of English
English slang
Online English language courses
Online English language dictionaries
Online literature in English
Online audio books in English and other languages
Alternative spelling systems for English

P

peaklearn - Language Arts - Long List of Links

(E?)(L?) http://www.peaklearn.com/public_html/newteach/etymolog.html

portmanteau, Portmanteau Words (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.bartleby.com/68/81/881.html
(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/portmanteau-word.html
(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau

psa - English: A Language for the next millenium

(E?)(L?) http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/1999/julios.pdf

Q

queens-english-society - Queens English Society

(E?)(L?) http://www.queens-english-society.com/
Welcome to the website of the Queen's English Society, dedicated to preserving and improving the beauty and precision of the English language.

questia
The History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24969974
BY OLIVER FARRAR EMERSON, A.M., PH.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AND ENGLISH PHILOLOGY IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY
New York
MACMILLAN AND CO. AND LONDON
1894
Contributors: Oliver Farrar Emerson - author. Publisher: Macmillan. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1894.
415 Seiten online.

Questia offers free access to the first page of every chapter in a book and the first paragraph of each article for your review.
Unter "This Week's FREE Books - Click below to read the entire book" findet man jede Woche ein Werk, zum kostenlosen Zugriff.

Click on a chapter to start reading.

-Title Page
-Preface
-Contents
-Abbreviations
-I: The Relationship of English to Other Languages.
-Chapter I: The Indo-European Family
-Chapter II: The Teutonic Languages--Common Characteristics.
-Chapter III: The Old English Period
-II: The Standard Language and the Dialects.
-Chapter IV: The Middle English Period and the Norman Conquest.
-Chapter V: The Written Language and the Rise of Literary English.
-Chapter VI: English in Modern Times.
-Chapter VII: The Growth of the English Vocabulary
-III: The English Vocabulary.
-Chapter VIII: The Native Element in English.
-Chapter IX: The Foreign Element in English.
-Chapter X: The Foreign Element in English (Continued).
-Chapter XI: Changes which may Affect Words
-IV: The Principles of English Etymology.
-Chapter XII: The History of English Vowel Sounds.
-Chapter XIII: Mutation and Gradation.
-Chapter XIV: The Consonants.
-Chapter XV: The English Accent.
-Chapter XVI: Analogy in English.
-Chapter XVII: Inflectional Levelling in English
-V: The History of English Inflections.
-Chapter XVIII: The Noun.
-Chapter XIX: The Adjective.
-Chapter XX: The Pronouns.
-Chapter XXI: The Verb.
-Chapter XXII: The Verb (Continued).
-Chapter XXIII: Adverbs and Other Participles
-Index

questia
The English Language in Modern Times, since 1400

(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=12571810
by MARGARET SCHLAUCH Professor of English Philology University of Warsaw
PWN -- Polish Scientific Publishers, Warszawa
Oxford University Press, London
Contributors: Margaret Schlauch - author. Publisher: Paanstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Place of Publication: Warsaw, Poland. Publication Year: 1965.
318 Seiten online.

Questia offers free access to the first page of every chapter in a book and the first paragraph of each article for your review.
Unter "This Week's FREE Books - Click below to read the entire book" findet man jede Woche ein Werk, zum kostenlosen Zugriff.

Click on a chapter to start reading.

-Title Page
-CONTENTS
-PREFACE
-ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-ABBREVIATIONS
-PHONETIC SYMBOLS
-LIST OF MAPS
-Chapter I Formation of the National Language: 14th Century Backgrounds
-Chapter II Formation of the National Language Continued: 15th and Early 16th Centuries
-Chapter III The Literary Language in the 16th Century: Its Words and Its Sounds
-Chapter IV Grammatical Structure and Style in the Later Renaissance
-Chapter V The Latter 17th and the 18th Centuries
-Chapter VI Modern English Dialects and Their Literary Uses
-Chapter VII The English Language in the New World
-Chapter VIII The English Language Today
-Illustrative Materials
-GLOSSARY
-INDEX

questia
Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use

(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3883366
BY GEORGE PHILIP KRAPP, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI AUTHOR OF "THE ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR"
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1909
Contributors: George Philip Krapp - author. Publisher: Charles Scribner's Sons. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1909.
362 Seiten online.

Click on a chapter to start reading. Questia offers free access to the first page of every chapter in a book and the first paragraph of each article for your review.
Unter "This Week's FREE Books - Click below to read the entire book" findet man jede Woche ein Werk, zum kostenlosen Zugriff.

-Title Page
-Preface
-Contents
-I: Introduction
-II: The English People
-III: The English Language
-IV: English Inflections
-V: English Sounds
-VI: English Words
-VII: English Grammar
-VIII: Conclusion
-Appendix: The Old English Chronicle, Laud, 636.
-Bibliography
-Indices

R

Received Pronunciation, RP (W3)

(E?)(L?) http://www.yaelf.com/rp.shtml
(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation
This term was invented in 1917 by Daniel Jones, the author of "An English Pronouncing Dictionary".
He defined "RP" as what is "most usually heard in everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk have been educated at the great public boarding-schools" (Privatschule mit Internat). It is therefore a regional accent, but one which through wide use, and through the influence of public schools such as Eton, Harrow and Winchester, as well as Oxford and Cambridge universities, came to be accepted as the standard pronounciation of educated people throughout and to a certain degree even beyond England. "RP" is used as the model for phonetic transcription in all the standard British English dictionaries.

S

scitechdaily

(E?)(L1) http://www.scitechdaily.com/
Take a look at the future with... SciTech Daily

spellingdoctor

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingdoctor.com/
All of the works that the Spelling Doctor (Raymond Laurita) has researched and written over the past four decades;
interessant (aber nur Kostenpflichtiges)

spellorg

(E?)(L?) http://www.spellorg.com/
The Society for the Preservation of English Language and Literature (SPELL) is an organization of people who love our language and are determined to resist its abuse and misuse in the news media and elsewhere.

swan

(E?)(L?) http://www.swan.ac.uk/german/links/langling.htm
External Links

Language, Language Teaching/Learning and Linguistics
Language:
Dialects/Regional Variants
Handwriting and Type
History
Pronunciation
Spelling
Translation
For reference works, see Reference

Language Teaching/Learning:

Organisations
CALL
Other Resources

Linguistics:

Organisations/Institutions
Journals
Other Resources
Directories and Links Pages

synonym - Synonyms, Antonyms and definitions for English words!

(E?)(L1) http://www.synonym.com/

T

theatlantic - Word Watch

(E?)(L?) http://www.theatlantic.com/language/wordwatch.htm
A selection of terms that have newly been coined, that have recently acquired new currency, or that have taken on new meanings.

towerofenglish
The Tower of English

U

Ulster
Language of GB
Sprache in GB

(E3)(L1) http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sco

Uni Fullerton

/E?)(L?) http://hss.fullerton.edu/linguistics
California State University Fullerton - liN 'gwIs tIk - Notes

Uni Laval - Histoire de la langue anglaise

(E2)(L1) http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/monde/anglais.histoire.htm

Section 1: Les origines de l'anglais : jusqu'à 700
Section 2: La période du Old English (vieil anglais ou anglo-saxon): de 700 ~ 1100
Section 3: La période du Middle English (moyen anglais): de 1100 ~ 1500
Section 4: La période du Modern English (anglais moderne): de 1500 ~ aujourd'hui
Section 5: Bibliographie

Uni Wuppertal

(E?)(L?) http://ntopac1.bib.uni-wuppertal.de/bibliothek.html/wup/ghb/node122.html
DKA-DNT Allgemeines. Englisch in Großbritannien und Irland

usingenglish - English Language Tips

(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/
(E?)(L?) http://www.usingenglish.com/resources/language-tips.html
Am 01.09.2004 waren Tipps zu folgenden Stichwörtern zu finden:

Adjuncts | Adverbials | Adverbs | Articles | As | Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions 2 | Conjuncts | Countable & Uncountable Nouns | Demonstratives | Determiners | Disjuncts | Ditransitive Verbs | Interrogative Adjectives | Interrogative Adverbs | Interrogative Pronouns | Its & It's | Like | Modal Verbs | Monotransitive Verbs | Negative Pronouns | Noun Phrase | Numerals
Parts of Speech: Alone - Because - But - Few - How - If - Just - Little - Many - Much - Nevertheless - Since - These & Those - This & That - What - Where - Which - While - Who - Whom - Why
Personal Pronouns | Possessive Adjectives | Possessive Pronouns | Prepositions | Pronouns | Quantifiers | Reciprocal Pronouns | Reflexive Pronouns | Relative Pronouns | So | So & Such 1 | Some & Any 1 | Spell | Such | Themself & Themselves | They're, Their & There | Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Examples: Adjectives that look like Adverbs 1/2 - Adverbials - Adverbs of degree 1/2 - Adverbs of frequency 1/2 - Adverbs of manner 1/2/3 - Adverbs of place 1/2 - Adverbs of time 1/2 - Auxiliary Verbs 1/2/3 - Conjunctions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Conjuncts - Definite Article - Demonstrative Adjectives - Demonstrative Pronouns - Disjuncts 1/2 - Indefinite Article - Interrogative Pronouns - Modal Verbs - Negative Pronouns - Numerals (Cardinal Numbers) - Numerals (Ordinal Numbers) - Irregular Adjectives - Some, Any & No 1/2/3 - Parts of Speech - Personal Pronouns (Object) - Personal Pronouns (One) - Personal Pronouns (Subject) - Possessive Adjectives - Possessive Pronouns - Prepositions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Quantifiers 1/2/3 - Reciprocal Pronouns - Reflexive Pronouns - Relative Pronouns - Sentencial Adverbs 1 - Words that can give emphasis 1/2/3/4

V

verbivore

(E?)(L?) http://www.verbivore.com/
Richard Lederer's Verbovore
the web site woven for wordaholics, logolepts, and verbivores. Carnivores eat meat; herbivores eat plants and vegetables; verbivores devour words.

vocabula

(E?)(L?) http://www.vocabula.com/
A society is generally as lax as its language.

vt - History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://ebbs.english.vt.edu/hel/hel.html

vt
The Evolution of Present-Day English

Introduction/Brief Overview
"...sprung from some common source" (Sir William Jones, 1786): Indo-European and the Pre-History of English
"Came they of three folk, the strongest of Germania, that of Saxons, and of Angles and Jutes" (Bede): The Beginnings of English in England
"...and were seen fiery dragons in the air flying" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, entry for 793): Vikings & the Influence of Old Norse
"Thus came, lo! England into Normandy's hand" (Robert of Gloucester, ca. 1300): The Norman Conquest and Early Middle English
"And for ther is so gret diversite / In Englissh and in wrytyng of oure tonge..." (Chaucer, ca. 1400): Late Middle English
"I take this present period of our English tung to be the verie height thereof..." (Richard Mulcaster, 1582): Early Modern English
"we had no lawful standard of our language set up" (Lord Chesterfield, 1754): The Development of English Dictionaries
"How barbarously we yet write and speak..." (Dryden, 1679): The Development of English Grammars
"...at the hands of Americans" (Henry Alford, 1863): The American (English) Language
"Do de rite ting": World Englishes
Glossary of Key Terms

By Topic

Language types
Prescriptive Grammar/Correctness
Nouns
Pronouns
Sounds & Spelling
Vocabulary
Standard Englishes
Nonstandard Englishes

For the IDLE Project

From Angles to Americans

W

wikipedia - Englische Sprache

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englische_Sprache

wikipedia
English language

(E?)(L?) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishlanguage
English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries and of the United States since the mid 20th century, it has become the lingua franca in many parts of the world. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language in Commonwealth countries and many international organizations.

Historically, English originated from several dialects, now collectively termed Old English, which were brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers beginning in the 5th century. The language was influenced by the Old Norse language of Viking invaders. After the Norman conquest, Old English developed into Middle English, borrowing heavily from the Norman (Anglo-French) vocabulary and spelling conventions. The etymology of the word "English" is a derivation from 12th century Old English: englisc or Engle, and plural form Angles; definition of, relating to, or characteristic of England. [3] Modern English developed with the Great Vowel Shift that began in 15th-century England, and continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of languages, as well as coining new words. A significant number of English words, especially technical words, have been constructed based on roots from Latin and ancient Greek.

Contents

1 Significance
2 History
3 Classification and related languages
4 Geographical distribution
4.1 Countries in order of total speakers
4.2 Countries where English is a major language
4.3 English as a global language
4.4 Dialects and regional varieties
4.5 Constructed varieties of English
5 Phonology
5.1 Vowels
5.1.1 Notes
5.2 Consonants
5.2.1 Notes
5.2.2 Voicing and aspiration
5.3 Supra-segmental features
5.3.1 Tone groups
5.3.2 Characteristics of intonation
6 Grammar
7 Vocabulary
7.1 Number of words in English
7.2 Word origins
7.2.1 Dutch and Low German origins
7.2.2 French origins
8 Writing system
8.1 Basic sound-letter correspondence
8.2 Written accents
9 Formal written English
10 Basic and simplified versions
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Bibliography
12.2 Notes
13 External links

...

wordinfo
English History and Its Language Development

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4218/?letter=E&spage=4

A condensed and illustrated version of "English History and Its Development" - The illustrated version of "English and its Historical Development" starts with Indo-European words, Part 1.
An English History and Its Development, Introduction, Part 01 - Importance of Latin and Greek in English.
An English History and Its Development, Introduction, Part 02 - Etymological approach to learn more about English words.
English and its Historical Development, Part 01 - Indo-European words.
English and its Historical Development, Part 02 - Celts settled in Britain.
English and its Historical Development, Part 03 - Romans invaded Britain and ruled the Celts from A.D. 43-410.
English and its Historical Development, Part 04 - Romans had to conquer the Celts with many battles.
English and its Historical Development, Part 05 - Icenian Queen, Boadicea, made the Romans pay a heavy price.
English and its Historical Development, Part 06 - Romans built Hadrian's wall to protect themselves from the Picts.
English and its Historical Development, Part 07 - Picts broke through Hadrian's wall in A.D. 300.
English and its Historical Development, Part 08 - Roman troops went back to Italy to defend Rome from invading "barbarians".
English and its Historical Development, Part 09 - In A.D. 410, the last Roman legions withdrew from Britain, leaving the Celts to defend themselves against the Picts and Irish.
English and its Historical Development, Part 10 - Old English Period, A.D. 450-1150.
English and its Historical Development, Part 10A - Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, Teutonic tribes settled in Britain.
English and its Historical Development, Part 10B - St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 priests in A.D. 597.

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4218/2/?spage=4&letter=E

English and its Historical Development, Part 10C - Caedmon, wrote "Caedmon's Hymn" in A.D. 657-680.
English and its Historical Development, Part 11 - Beowulf, Old English literature.
English and its Historical Development, Part 12 - A.D. 731, the Venerable Bede, a monk at Jarrow, England.
English and its Historical Development, Part 13 - A.D. 789, the Vikings began raiding and plundering Britain.
English and its Historical Development, Part 14 - A.D. 871-899, Alfred the Great served as the first king of England.
English and its Historical Development, Part 15 - Danelaw and English territory.
English and its Historical Development, Part 16 - A.D. 1016-1035, reign of King Canute (Cnute).
English and its Historical Development, Part 17 - Accession of Edward the Confessor restored King Alfred's line.
English and its Historical Development, Part 18 - 1066, "William the Conqueror" and his Normans and mercenaries took control of Britain.
English and its Historical Development, Part 19 - 1150-1500, Middle English Period.
English and its Historical Development, Part 20 - 1258, the "Provisions of Oxford", first official document to use English since the Norman Conquest.
English and its Historical Development, Part 21 - 1350-1400, period of great literary production in Britain.
English and its Historical Development, Part 22 - Modern-English Period, A.D. 1500 to present.
English and its Historical Development, Part 23 - English writers used Greek and Latin to present their ideas.
English and its Historical Development, Part 24 - Human activities developed new objects and concepts, requiring new terms, many were still from Latin and Greek origins.

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4218/3/?spage=4&letter=E

English and its Historical Development, Part 25 - Scientific presentations used Latin and Greek as their nomenclature.
English and its Historical Development, Part 26 - New inventions required more technical terms.
English and its Historical Development, Part 27 - Improved travel methods and communication have developed standards of speech.
English and its Historical Development, Part 28 - Uniformity of American English resulted from improved modes of travel and communication.
English and its Historical Development, Part 29 - Space-age generation continues to utilize terms from Latin and Greek.
English and its Historical Development, Warrior Queen Boadicea Background - Getting better acquainted with Queen Boadicea.
English and its Historical Development, Warrior Queen Boudicca Rebellion Described by Tacitus - Tacitus describes rebellion of Boudicca, A.D. 60-61.
English Chronology - English Events through the centuries.

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordinfo.info/newsletter-files.html
Newsletter: A List of Current and Back Issues.

Newsletter #1: Latin phrases you should know. - News about the unusual. - It’s [sic], but that’s the way it is.
Newsletter #2: Lose/Loose, How [sic] Can It Be? - Playing with Words. - Quotes Worth Your Time.
Newsletter #3: Changing English Words to Make New Ones. - Auf Wiedersehen, English. - Letters from Readers.
Newsletter #4: Instructions for use of actual products. No kidding. - Principal/Principle and mnemonic devices. - More letters from readers. - More Denglish.
Newsletter #5: Words in the News. - More Mnemonic Devices for Greater Spelling Accuracy - The Greek Element tribo- and Its Practical Commercial Applications. - “Lawyer Idiocy” — Some Examples
Newsletter #6: Responses to letters. - Quid Novum? Erratum, Errata. - Cyber-Legerdemain—Don’t miss this cyber magic! - Think about the Correct Use of Pronouns. - New Additions to the Search Areas. - Some Serious Considerations—Think about It!
Newsletter #7: There are dictionaries and there are dictionaries. - Did they say what I think they said? - New Additions to the Search Areas.
Newsletter #8: Palindromes activity. - Sesquipedalian Challenges. - Logical Sequence Activity. - Educational Sources. - Golden-Oldies Poems.
Newsletter #9: U.S. Teachers and cheating (many quotes from - news sources).
Newsletter #10: Reader responses to teachers and cheating - Comments about book: Words for a Modern Age - Did they really write those headlines? - New words from old words - Dan Quayle and Groucho Marx Quotes - Access to cross-references search area
Newsletter #11: Political Quotes on Target - Inventory (completed lists) of Cross-Reference Units - Access to search areas
Newsletter #13: An Obfuscation Chart for Creating Bureaucratic Jargon. - Words poem.
Newsletter #14: Explanation of the Sesquipedalians in Newsletter #13. - Ponder These Quotations. - Newsletter-Subscription Statistics.
Newsletter #15: Political Quotes on Target - Inventory (completed lists) of Cross-Reference Units. - Access to search areas.

Erstellt: 2010-03

wordorigins - A Brief History of the English Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordorigins.org/histeng.htm
A short summary of the history of the English language (includes a chronology).

wordsmith

(E?)(L?) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/wordlist.html
man findet hier wirklich viele Worterklärungen englischer Begriffe; die Darstellung ist jedoch etwas gewöhnungsbedürftig;

World Wide Words

(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/
Investigating international English from a British viewpoint

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yaelf
English language history

(E?)(L?) http://www.yaelf.com/history.shtml
The Lawgiver of English Usage: Henry Watson Fowler
...
(extract from "The Fowler Collection" site)
uk-gramma
(E?)(L?) http://www.ibiblio.org/lineback/words/hwf.htm
What is "Hiberno-English"? Is it a dialect of English?
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Hiberno-English is the name given to the Irish dialect of English.
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(extract from the aue archives, article by Bob Cunningham, follow the link below for the complete thread)
ie-sparch
uk-dialek
(E?)(L?) http://groups.google.com/groups?dq=&hl=en&selm=9ck4du43scf6j1ig3s4me832u8hb4jcomg%404ax.com

"No lawful standard...": The Evolution of English Dictionaries
...
(extracts from the "Virginia Tech" site, article by Daniel W. Mosser)
uk-diktio
(E?)(L?) http://wiz.cath.vt.edu/hel/helmod/dicty.html

Is English the "Official" Language of the UK?
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Henry Churchyard: Here are some semi-random facts:
ca. 1250: First book appears to teach French to children of upper classes in England Early 14th century: Contemporary statements that all classes can speak English, while knowledge of French is somewhat limited 1362: For the first time, chancellor opens parliament in English. Lawsuits ordered to be conducted in English, not French. 2nd half of 14th century: Schools generally switch over from French to English as language of instruction. (The subject matter which is taught is still mostly Latin, of course.) 1399: Henry IV comes to throne as first monarch speaking only English (apparently) 1404: English ambassadors negotiating with France insist that French not be used as the language of negotiations (instead, Latin is used) 1st half of 15th century: Private letters between members of upper classes switch over from being generally in French to almost entirely in English 1422: London Brewers switch guild proceedings from French to English 1423: Parliamentary proceedings ("petitions of commons") start to appear in English. ca. 1430: "A large number of towns are seen translating their ordinances and their books of customs into English." late 1480's (first Tudor on throne): Parliamentary statutes are written down in English in their final form; effective disappearance of most of the last lingering uses of French in the internal domestic administration of England, though many French (and Latin) phrases remained in the language of the law.
(extract from the aue archives, articles by Don Aitken and Henry Churchyard)
uk-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&selm=a8v7bh%24kgv%40moe.cc.utexas.edu

Civil War Slang
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us-milita
(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ms/genealogyinfo/page4.html

Glossary of Old Names (for diseases)
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uk-medizi
(E?)(L?) http://www.bignell.uk.com/glossary_of_old_names.htm

The History of American English
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(extract from The History Channel site by John Algeo)
us-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://www.historychannel.com/cgi-bin/frameit.cgi?p=http%3A//www.historychannel.com/perl/print_book.pl%3FID%3D35330

The Protean N-Word
...
us-dialek
(extract from the review of "Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word" at the Amazon site)
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375421726/etymologetymo-20

Deciphering Old Handwriting
...
(from Sabina J. Murray's "Deciphering Old Handwriting" page)
uk-zeiche
(E?)(L?) http://www.amberskyline.com/treasuremaps/oldhand.html

Herder: An essay on the origin of language. Superb!
uk-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/wow/grammar.latin.html

Search The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
uk-litera
(E?)(L?) http://www.bartleby.com/cambridge/

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Buecher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Englisch, Anglais, English

amazon - Englisch, Anglais, English

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Bähr, Dieter - Abriß der englischen Sprachgeschichte

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222128/etymologetymo-20

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 200 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
ISBN: 3825222128

Bähr, Dieter - Einführung in das Altenglische

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825222527/etymologetymo-20

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 191 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
ISBN: 3825222527

Bähr, Dieter - Einführung ins Mittelenglische

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3825203611/etymologetymo-20

Sprache: Deutsch
Broschiert - 191 Seiten - UTB, Stuttgart
Erscheinungsdatum: Januar 1997
Auflage: 4., Aufl.
ISBN: 3825203611

Kurzbeschreibung:
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine synchronisch strukturelle Analyse des Mittelenglischen anhand des reich glossierten Prolog der "Canterbury Tales" von Chaucer. Der beigefügte Prolog und das sehr umfangreiche Glossar ermöglichen vor allem dem Anfänger ein selbständiges Arbeiten und den Erwerb des nötigen Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsstoffes.

Burridge, Kate (Autor)
Blooming English
Observations on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125331773/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125331773/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125331773/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125331773/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125331773/etymologetymo-20
Unbekannter Einband
Verlag: Klett; Auflage: 1., Aufl. (Januar 2005)
Sprache: Englisch

Kurzbeschreibung
Fascinating well-crafted look at the quirks of the English language.

Erstellt: 2010-06

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Crystal, David - English as a Global Language

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3125335795/etymologetymo-20

Broschiert: 212 Seiten
Verlag: Klett Ernst /Schulbuch (Februar 2004)
Sprache: Englisch

...
Man kann sagen, dass Crystal das Standardwerk zum Thema geschrieben hat, und dass jeder Anglistik-Student oder sprachlich Interessierte seine Freude daran haben wird, es zu lesen.
...

Crystal, David - The Stories of English
Warum sprechen die Engländer nicht Französisch?

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0713997524/etymologetymo-20

Als Herausgeber der "Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language", als Schriftsteller und als Radiosprecher in Sachen Sprache kennt sich David Crystal bestens aus in der englischen Sprache.
In diesem Buch beschreibt er die wahre Geschichte der des Gebrauchs der englischen Sprache in der Geschichte. Er zeigt, dass es nie ein einheitliches Englisch gegeben hat, sondern dass es immer viele Varianten des internationalen Englisch gab und zunehmend gibt.

Daneben erfährt man, warum die Engländer nicht Französisch sprechen.

Normalerweise übernehmen die Einwohner eines besetzten Landes die Sprache des Eroberers. Nachdem die französisch sprechenden Normannen 1066 England erobert hatten, wurde natürlich auch Französisch als Verwaltungssprache (am Hof und in der Rechtssprechung) eingeführt. Aber die Eroberer waren rein zahlenmässig den Ureinwohnern unterlegen. Und so schafften Sie es nicht die französische Sprache im Alltag einzuführen. Nach 300 Jahren wurde so Englisch auch wieder als offizielle Verwaltungssprache eingeführt. Aber Latein und Französisch haben tiefe Spuren hinterlassen und die englische Sprache bereichert. Das erklärt auch, warum es im heutigen Englisch oftmals zwei Bezeichnungen für eine Bedeutuzng gibt, eine mehr lateinisch/französisch beeinflusste und eine germanische Variante. Die Grammatik allerdings wurde soweit reduziert, dass sie beiden sprachlichen Anforderungen gerecht werden konnte.

David Crystal hat hier wieder eine umfangreiches Buch (fast 600 Seiten) geschrieben, das einen tiefen Einblick in die Geschichte der englischen Sprache bietet.

Die Kurzbeschreibung bei Amazon lautet:
Language expert, David Crystal, tells the true story of the English language, its origins and many incarnations. Includes entertaining sidebars and panels describing the origins of particular words, phrases and dialects. "Simply the best introductory history of the English language family that we have" J.M. Coetzee

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Viereck, Wolfgang / Viereck, Karin / Ramisch, Heinrich
Atlas Englische Sprache

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032391/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032391/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032391/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032391/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032391/etymologetymo-20
dtv
275 Seiten

(E?)(L?) http://www.dtv.de/
Der dtv-Atlas zur englischsprachigen Welt vermittelt einen Überblick Sprache Wortbildung, Syntax, aber auch über die Entwicklung vom Altenglischen ...

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antonomasia (W3)

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Barbarian - Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans - Barbarians and Savages - blahs and barbarians

bartleby116 Fowler, H.W. The King’s English

bbc - English language History Trail

bbc - English language in different era

bbc - Evolving English englische Sprache - Beiträge der BBC

bbc Language Map of UK

bbc - Languages

bbc - Language Gene discovered

bbc - Sound of the Saxons

bbc - The Ages of English Timeline

bbc - The Roots of English

bbc - URP - upper received pronunciation

bbc - Word of Mouth

C

cam - Cmabrigde Uinervtisy - intuitives Lesen

copyeditor

D

dummies Language Arts

E

eleaston History of the English Language

eng-lang English Language Issues

english History of the English Language (HEL)

ethnologue – Languages of / Sprachen von United Kingdom (Europe)

ethnologue - Albannach Gaidhlig - Language of GB

ethnologue - Angloromani - Language of GB

ethnologue - Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi - Language of GB

ethnologue - Arabic, Moroccan Spoken - Language of GB

ethnologue - Arabic, Ta'izzi-Adeni Spoken - Language of GB

ethnologue - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic - Language of GB

ethnologue - Belfast - Language of GB

ethnologue - Bengali - Language of GB

ethnologue - Birmingham - Language of GB

ethnologue - Bolton Lancashire - Language of GB

ethnologue - British Sign Language - Language of GB

ethnologue - Brummie - Language of GB

ethnologue - Brummy - Language of GB

ethnologue - BSL - Language of GB

ethnologue - Central Cumberland - Language of GB

ethnologue - Chinese, Hakka - Language of GB

ethnologue - Chinese, Mandarin - Language of GB

ethnologue - Chinese, Yue - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cockney - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cornish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cornwall - Language of GB

ethnologue - Craven Yorkshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cumberland - Language of GB

ethnologue - Curnoack - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cymraeg - Language of GB

ethnologue - Devonshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Dgernesiais - Language of GB

ethnologue - Dorset - Language of GB

ethnologue - Durham - Language of GB

ethnologue - East Anglia - Language of GB

ethnologue - East Devonshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - East Sutherlandshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Edinburgh - Language of GB

ethnologue - English - Language of GB

ethnologue - English Romani - Language of GB

ethnologue - Erse - Language of GB

ethnologue - Erse - Language of GB

ethnologue - Estonian - Language of GB

ethnologue - Farsi, Western - Language of GB

ethnologue - French - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaeilge - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelg - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic, Irish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic, Scottish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gàidhlig - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gailck - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaoidhealg - Language of GB

ethnologue - Geordie - Language of GB

ethnologue - Greek - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gujarati - Language of GB

ethnologue - Hebrew - Language of GB

ethnologue - Hiberno-Scottish Classical Common Gaelic - Language of GB