Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Amtssprache, Langue Officielle, Official Language:
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

antonomasia (W3)

• 'Einstein' to refer to a 'scientific genius'
• 'Solomon' to mean 'a wise ruler'

• 'Kleenex' für 'Tissue'
• 'Uhu' für 'Klebstoff'

B

Barbarian
Vandals, barbarians, and cosmopolitans
Barbarians and Savages
blahs and barbarians

bartleby116
Fowler, H.W.
The King’s English

• (1) to pass by all rules, of whatever absolute importance, that are shown by observation to be seldom or never broken; and
• (2) to illustrate by living examples, with the name of a reputable authority attached to each, all blunders that observation shows to be common.

• PART I
• Chapter I. Vocabulary
• General Principles
• Familiar and far-fetched words
• Concrete and abstract expression
• Circumlocution
• Short and long words
• Saxon and Romance words
• Requirements of different styles
• Malaprops
• Neologisms
• Americanisms
• Foreign words
• Formation
• Slang
• Individual
• Mutual
• Unique
• Aggravate
• Chapter II. Syntax
• Case
• Number
• Comparatives and superlatives
• Relatives
• Defining and non-defining relative clauses
• That and who or which
• And who, and which
• Case of the relative
• Miscellaneous uses of the relative
• It … that
• Participle and gerund
• Participles
• The gerund
• Distinguishing the gerund
• Omission of the gerund subject
• Choice between gerund and infinitive
• Shall and will
• The pure system
• The coloured-future system
• The plain-future system
• Second-person questions
• Examples of principal sentences
• Substantival clauses
• Conditional clauses
• Indefinite clauses
• Examples of subordinate clauses
• Perfect infinitive
• Conditionals
• Doubt that
• Prepositions
• Chapter III. Airs and Graces
• Certain types of humour
• Elegant variation
• Inversion
• Exclamatory
• Balance
• In syntactic clauses
• Negative, and false-emphasis
• Miscellaneous
• Archaism
• Occasional
• Sustained
• Metaphor
• Repetition
• Miscellaneous
• Trite phrases
• Irony
• Superlatives without the
• Cheap originality
• Chapter IV. Punctuation
• General difficulties
• General principles
• The spot plague
• Over-stopping
• Under-stopping
• Grammar and punctuation
• Substantival clauses
• Subject, &c., and verb
• Adjectival clauses
• Adverbial clauses
• Parenthesis
• Misplaced commas
• Enumeration
• Comma between independent sentences
• Semicolon with subordinate members
• Exclamations and statements
• Exclamations and questions
• Internal question and exclamation marks
• Unaccountable commas
• The colon
• Miscellaneous
• Dashes
• General abuse
• Legitimate uses
• Debatable questions
• Common misuses
• Hyphens
• Quotation marks
• Excessive use
• Order with stops
• Single and double
• Misplaced
• Half quotation
• PART II
• Some less important chapters had been designed on Euphony, Ambiguity, Negligence, and other points. But as the book would with them have run to too great length, some of the examples have been simply grouped here in independent sections, with what seemed the minimum of comment.
• Euphony
• Jingles
• Alliteration
• Repeated prepositions
• Sequence of relatives
• Sequence of that, &c.
• Metrical prose
• Sentence accent
• Causal as clauses
• Wens and hypertrophied members
• Careless repetition
• Quotation, &c.
• Common misquotations
• Uncommon misquotations of well-known passages
• Misquotation of less familiar passages
• Misapplied and misunderstood quotations and phrases
• Allusion
• Incorrect allusion
• Dovetailed and adapted quotations and phrases
• Trite quotation
• Latin abbreviations, &c.
• Grammar
• Unequal yokefellows and defective double harness
• Common parts
• The wrong turning
• Ellipse in subordinate clauses
• Some illegitimate infinitives
• Split infinitives
• Compound passives
• Confusion with negatives
• Omission of as
• Other liberties taken with as
• Brachylogy
• Between two stools
• The impersonal one
• Between … or
• A placed between the adjective and its noun
• Do as substitute verb
• Fresh starts
• Vulgarisms and colloquialisms
• Meaning
• Tautology
• Redundancies
• As to whether
• Superfluous but and though
• If and when
• Maltreated idioms
• Truisms and contradictions in terms
• Double emphasis
• Split auxiliaries
• Overloading
• Demonstrative, noun, and participle or adjective
• Ambiguity
• False scent
• Misplacement of words
• Ambiguous position
• Ambiguous enumeration
• Style
• Antics
• Journalese
• Somewhat, &c.
• Clumsy patching
• Omission of the conjunction that
• Meaningless while
• Commercialisms
• Pet Phrases
• Also as conjunction; and &c.

bbc
English language History Trail

The invaders of Britain left their indelible mark on the English language and culture - from the royal coat of arms to our place names and the words we use everyday. Discover the roots of English by creating your own poem or try to spot the origins of a selection of objects.

bbc
English language in different era

bbc
Evolving English
englische Sprache
Beiträge der BBC

• Home - Melvyn Bragg returns to Cumbria and finds that the old ways of speaking are being lost.
• The Dawn of English - English takes on Latin! - eventually becoming the world language of instruction.
• France and England - Where better than Hastings to look at the impact of the French on the English language?
• Tabard Inn to Canterbury - The language of sex and death, as Chaucer and others capture English speech of the time.
• The Power of English... - ...and the English of Power, as the language extends its influence from Court to Edinburgh.
• Import/Export - Conquest, trade and immigration have woven dozens of languages into English.

• Coining It - When a new concept or product comes along, how does it get its name?
• Language at Play - Melvyn has fun and games with puns, wordplay and tongue twisters.
• A Better Class of Language - 'By your vowels, your station shall be known'. How accents and social class are entwined.
• Unspeakable English - Bad language is no new thing. Some swear words originated centuries ago!
• Freezing the River - English is constantly evolving but some linguists have tried to 'freeze' it for all time.
• A World of Many Englishes - 'Two countries separated by a common language', but there're more than two Englishes

• Pitmatic - Talk of the town, talk of the pit in Ashington, Northumberland
• Stroke City - Local talk in the city known variously as Londonderry, Derry and, more recently, as Stroke City
• Cornwall - Melvyn travels west in search of the increasingly elusive Cornish dialect
• No Pigeon - Melvyn visits Brixton to discover the most imitated, influential form of spoken English today.
• Oswestry - Melvyn travels to the Blue Remembered Hills of Shropshire
• Conclusion - The final programme in the series considers the future of English dialects

• What is Spanglish? - We explore the rise of powerful non-English linguistic forces in the United States
• Raj to Riches English - English in India, despite being the imposed language of the imperial power, had equally the force to unite the nation.
• The Hurricane Speaks - Here we take up the story of Caribbean English where the Brixton Routes left off.
• Beyond the Cringe - In the 1950s Australian English was more Westminster than Woolloomooloo - the last days of the "colonial cringe".
• The Long Trek to Freedom - English becomes the language of liberation as Afrikaans takes on the label of oppression
• Whose English Is It, Anyway? - Used on the internet, the UN and between speakers for whom it is native language for neither - Is it English?

bbc
Language Map of UK

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Languages

bbc
Language Gene discovered

bbc
Sound of the Saxons

Play 'Sound of the Saxons'
Imagine giving a speech to the turbulent, unpredictable England which existed under the Vikings. The country is being ravaged by the invaders and King Ethelred has fled to France, leaving the throne empty.
In 1014, Archbishop Wulfstan, a prominent government member, made such a speech. But what did an Anglo-Saxon speech sound like? What did it look like? Find out in 'Sound of the Saxons'.

bbc
The Ages of English Timeline

From a West Saxon dialect to a global phenomena, from runes to rap, the development of English follows a fascinating trail.

Ever wondered how Beowulf sounded? Why "pickleherring" was one of Johnson's choice insults? Explore the ten ages of English in this interactive timeline and find out.

bbc
The Roots of English

• Do You Know What You Are Saying? - Melvyn Bragg explores how computing and science are affecting the way we use our language.
• Churchill's Roar - Melvyn Bragg on Sir Winston Churchill's powerful use of the english language.
• Talking Posh - Melvyn Bragg turns his attention to the mysterious speech patterns of Britain's aristocrats.
• People and Places - series with world service. Melvyn Bragg tells the story of the spread of spoken english round the world. programme 6:
• Accents and Dialects - How are our local dialects surviving the pervasive influence of estuary english?
• Humour and Cussing - Language to play with, to abuse, to impress - and constantly changing.
• Evolving English - English has become a world power, but it is not one language. we look at its past and future
• Theme Music - it's called "floorwashing", by thomas newman - from the cd "oscar and lucinda".listen

bbc
URP - upper received pronunciation

Routes of English Special - Talking Posh
In this special edition of Routes of English, Melvyn Bragg turns his attention to the mysterious speech patterns of Britain's aristocrats for whom Cadogan Square will forever be "squaur".
But was it ever thus? And is toffs' talk the product of a lineage that in many cases stretches back to the Middle Ages?
...

bbc
Word of Mouth

bl
The British Library
Evolving English

About the exhibition

Explore the English language in all its national and international diversity
Exhibition supported by the American Trust for the British Library

In this ground-breaking exhibition, the roots of Old English, slang dictionaries, medieval manuscripts, advertisements and newspapers from around the world come together - alongside everyday texts and dialect sound recordings. Follow the social, cultural and historical influences on the English language... and see how it’s still evolving today.

C

cam
Cmabrigde Uinervtisy
intuitives Lesen

copyeditor

D

dummies
Language Arts

• Asserting Jane Austen's Georgian-ness
• Because of the charm of her plots, their setting in merry old England, and the Victorian-styled costumes and 1850 setting used in the first film adaptation of [more…]
• Avoiding Common Mistakes with Adjectives and Adverbs
• A few words - even, almost, only, and others - often end up in the wrong spots. If these words aren't placed correctly, your sentence may say something that you didn't intend. [more…]
• Boosting Your Vocabulary for Standardized Tests
• During the years of your formal education, you face numerous standardized tests - at least in the U.S. school system. The following suggestions can help you get your skills up to speed for the reading [more…]
• Budgeting Your Time to Complete a Research Paper
• In a perfect world, writing a major research paper would be such a delightful experience that you would eagerly jump right in and start writing a brilliant paper that's just the right length and completed [more…]
• Choosing to Use Who and Whom
• The whole topic of pronouns is enough to give you a headache, but the time has come to put to rest one of the peskiest pronoun problems once and for all. The rule for knowing when to use [more…]
• Committing a Few Number-Editing Rules to Memory
• Most rules are rife with exceptions in the publishing industry, but a few are so standard and ubiquitous that they're well worth memorizing. One set of rules that are pretty standard is how to deal with [more…]
• Copyediting for Political Correctness
• What do Tron, Rubik's Cubes, parachute pants, and political correctness have in common? They all got their start in the 1980s. And while Tron is now a cult classic, Rubik's Cubes are tradeshow freebies [more…]
• Crafting Your Character's Dialogue in Your Screenplay
• A well-crafted verbal exchange is like a catchy song. Diction provides the lyrics; music provides the tune. Dialogue relies on the sounds of words as well as their definitions, on the rhythm of a conversation [more…]
• Creating Emotional Conflict and Tension in a Romance Novel
• The conflict, or tension, between your hero and heroine should always drive your plot. Your novel should also have a certain story-related momentum, but the key factor that keeps your reader turning pages [more…]
• Debunking Some Myths about Copyediting and Proofreading
• Maybe you're carrying around some archaic images in your skull about what copyediting and proofreading entail. If you assume that taking this career path means you'll be wearing nerdy glasses while forever [more…]
• Decoding Medical Lingo
• If you're watching a TV drama about doctors, it doesn't matter whether you understand exactly what's being said. But when you're sitting in a doctor's office and he or she is talking about your child, [more…]
• Designing a Computer-Based Training Process
• In any good architecture, the vision drives the details, and the details shape the vision. Therefore, a good outcome depends on a good design. It requires knowledge of how people learn, and it deserves [more…]
• Developing an Artistic Sensibility for Screenwriting
• You've probably heard the saying "Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery." Now, that doesn't mean that you should copy the stories or even the style of other writers, but you may want to try moving [more…]
• Discovering the Key to Every Romance Novel: The Heroine
• Most romance readers are women, and naturally, they want to see themselves reflected in their choice of reading. That desire for reflection doesn't mean that every heroine has to be straight from everyday [more…]
• Examining the World of the Technical Writer
• People who write technical documents come from all walks of life - and most aren't technical writers per se. Here are some actual situations of people who were called upon to write technical documents [more…]
• Exploring the Different Types of Fiction
• Fiction is a general term used to describe an imaginative work of prose, either a novel, short story, or novella. Recently, this definition has been modified to include both nonfiction works that contain [more…]
• A Few Jane Austen-Related Places to Visit
• England has numerous sites where you can explore the life and work of Jane Austen. The following are just the tip of the iceberg. When you get to your hotel or bed and breakfast in London, find one of [more…]
• Finding Ideas for Your Writing
• So you know you want to write a book - you just don't know what you want to write about. For many people, it's not uncommon to think that you need to write about something exotic or different or strange [more…]
• Forming a Thesis Statement
• You've got a subject ("human-bear interactions") and a topic ("the relationship between Goldilocks and the three bears"). Now it's time to come up with a thesis statement - the point that you want to make [more…]
• Getting Your Arms around a Technical Document
• The purpose of writing a technical document is to explain or report on a technical or complex subject. Therefore, unless you're the technical guru writing about something you know intimately, you must [more…]
• Knowing Where and When to Have Love Scenes in a Romance Novel
• You have to know where to place the love scenes in your book to make them really effective. Even a beautifully written love scene jars the reader when you put it in the wrong place, making her question [more…]
• Living Better with Better Grammar
• Stuck in English class, you probably thought that grammar was invented just to give teachers something to test. But in fact grammar - or to be more precise, formal grammar instruction - exists to help [more…]
• Meeting the Most Often Used Suffixes
• Some suffixes are used so frequently in the English language that you may not even think of them - much less recognize them - as suffixes. These include [more…]
• Notetaking on the Computer
• As far back as stone slabs and as recently as handheld computers, human beings have found ways to take note of information that they do not want to forget. And now that we're officially in the Information [more…]
• Preparing to Pitch Your Screenplay to a Studio
• Pitching a script is an art form, and although it can be stressful, it's something every writer has to perfect before approaching executives or agents. So what is pitching exactly? [more…]
• Proofreading for Common Errors
• Proofreaders don't see things the way other people do. They scrutinize. When something is awry, their warning buzzers go off and they swoop down for a better look. They are charged with catching the errors [more…]
• Quoting Correctly
• A quotation is a written repetition of someone else's words - just one word or a whole statement or passage. You see quotations in almost all writing: newspapers, magazines, novels, essays, letters, and [more…]
• Slipping Between the Covers of a Technical Document
• When you prepare a lengthy user manual, include all the information readers need and make the information easy to find. Following are guidelines for what to include. [more…]
• Snuggling Up to the Language of Poetry
• At times, language seems spiritual, as insubstantial as breath on a winter's day. Everything seems slathered and permeated with language - it's how we think and how we see. Yet language is also a physical [more…]
• Submitting Your Work of Fiction
• The selling of fiction is different from nonfiction, requiring different submission materials. The good news is a fiction submission is much easier to prepare than a nonfiction proposal because in order [more…]
• Tending to Word Roots
• A root is the basic element of a word, and it is the foundation on which the meaning of a word is built. Many roots are real words in their own right: [more…]
• Tracing Jane Austen's Popularity
• Austen is now so popular that even non-novel readers recognize the name from seeing it in various, unexpected places like tea mugs and dating guides. Her immediate Regency siblings and her future Victorian [more…]
• Trying to Make Sense of the English Language
• For many reasons (most of them too ugly to go into here), English is a pretty tough language to learn. If you're a native speaker of English, you're probably familiar with the idiosyncrasies that make [more…]
• Tuning Into the Market for Romance Novels
• Many aspiring writers sit down to tell a story without a clear idea about what kind of story they're writing, whether (and where) a market exists for it, or what they'll do with the manuscript when they're [more…]
• Understanding the Players in the Publishing Game
• The core members of any publishing acquisition team are made up of two very different types: The creative, editorial types and the more financially driven sales and marketing types. Generally speaking, [more…]
• Using Apostrophes to Show Possession
• Apostrophes are those little curved marks you see hanging from certain letters. They look harmless enough, so why do even well educated people throw them where they don't belong and leave them out where [more…]
• Using Em Dashes and En Dashes Properly
• Although they are each a simple horizontal line, hyphens and the various dashes have their own appearances and specific uses. The shortest and most common is the hyphen, which is used for clarifying open [more…]
• Writing a Sonnet
• Learn to write a sonnet in iambic pentameter, just like Shakespeare did. Discover the rhythm and rhyme scheme of the quatrains and couplets that make up a Shakespearean sonnet. [more…]
• Writing Act I of Your Screenplay
• Every act in the three-act structure has a set of tasks to accomplish. The first act serves as your audience's introduction to the entire world of the script - people, places, time frame, and all. Remember [more…]
• Writing Poetry
• Millions of people have tried their hand at writing poetry. Often, people turn to writing verse at times of great emotion, insight, or need. And many people who always loved poetry think about writing [more…]

E

eleaston
History of the English Language

• Who speaks English?
• History of English Kryss Katsiavriades
• History of English Soon
• History of English Douglas F. Hasty
• History of English BlueRider
• History of English BBC
• History of English American Heritage
• History of English Edwin Duncan
• History of English Peter Erdmann, See-Young Cho
• History of English infoplease
• History of English Carol Jamison
• History of English Suzanne Kemmer
• History of English Pétur Knútsson
• History of English Tim Morris
• History of English Daniel W. Mosser
• History of English Daniel W. Mosser
• History of English Carol Percy
• History of English Questia
• History of English Johanna E. Rubba
• History of English Philip G. Rusche
• Old English incl. audio
• American English
• British English
• Phonological Atlas of North America Univ. of Pennsylvania
• The Structure of English Words Univ. of Oregon
• English Lexicography Technical University of Berlin
• English Word Origins C.A.E. Luschnig
• Politics & the English Language: George Orwell

eng-lang
English Language Issues

Articles
This is a selection of articles I have written on English language issues, mostly as a result of questions that kept coming up in various places about correct usage of apostrophes and suchlike.

• Rules for correct use of apostrophes
• Problems with apostrophes
• Style issues
• My technical style guide: Web site or website?
• Common errors in grammar, punctuation or spelling
• Incorrect corrections: things people believe to be poor English, but which are in fact fine.

This is an index to the words discussed on other pages (about writing style, errors and superstitions).

agenda | alternatives | among | apostrophes with single letters | arena | averse to | beg the question | between | cheap prices | clichés | criteria | criterion | consensus | could of | data | different to | discreet | discrete | e-mail | enormity | extension | fewer | foreign words - plurals of | hot temperatures | hyphens | it's | it is | lay | less | liaise | lie | licensed | loose | lose | minuscule | none | practising | prepositions at the end of sentences | principal | principle | raises a question mark | referenda | referendum | refute | sat | should of | split infinitive | stadia | stadium | stood | supersede | track records | who's | whose | would of | vocal cords.

The apostrophe page looks at apostrophe use with: abbreviations (CDs | 70s) | adjectival and attributive phrases (sports car) | initialisms (USA) | it's and its | Master's Degree | Mother's Day | names | non-living things | noun phrases (hotel room | car door) | personal pronouns (everybody | everyone | somebody | someone | no-one | nobody) | plurals (disco's) | possessive pronouns (mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | theirs | whose) | times | titles (Land Rover Owners Club | Masters Tournament | Hundred Years War) | words ending in s.

english
History of the English Language (HEL)

Pre History

• Indo-European
• Everything you ever wanted to know about Proto-Indo-European (and the comparative method), but were afraid to ask! (useful bibliography included)...
• Nostratic Bibliography
• A listing of references pertaining to "Nostratic" compiled by HEL-L...
• "What We All Spoke When the World Was Young" (New York Times, Feb. 1, 2000): article on Joseph Greenberg and Eurasiatic
• What do you want to know today?
• A site at the University of Kentucky where, among other things, one can find Latin, Greek, German, and Sanskrit dictionaries.
• Edward Prokosch, A COMPARATIVE GERMANIC GRAMMAR, is available at the ridiculously modest price of $6.00 from the Linguistic Society of America
• Germanic Linguistics

Old English Period

• The Dictionary of Old English / Old English Corpus
• ANSAXDAT
• A searchable database of materials generated by the Ansaxnet discussion list. (now on the Web!)
• Fontes Anglo-Saxonici: A Register of Written Sources Used by Authors in Anglo-Saxon England is intended to identify all written sources which were incorporated, quoted, translated or adapted anywhere in English or Latin texts which were written in Anglo-Saxon England (i.e. England to 1066), or by Anglo-Saxons in other countries.
• MANCASS C11 Database
• Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies, Inventory of Script Categories and Spellings in Eleventh-Century English
• Old Norse Links
• The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records
• Cynewulf's Elene (Elizabeth Trelenberg's e-edition)
• Wuflstan's Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
• Melissan Bernstein's 1996 hypertext edition
• Anglo-Saxon Charms (Karen Jolly's translations)
• The "Dream of the Rood" and the Ruthwell Cross
• The Ruthwell Cross
• Mac users will want to download the Times OE font and set their browser defaults to that font...
• Ælfric's Homilies on Judith, Esther, and the Maccabees (ed. Stuart Lee)
• Anglo-Saxonists from the 16th through the 20th Century
• Carl Berkhout's bibliography of five hundred years of Anglo-Saxon scholars and scholarship ...
• Old English Resources
• Links to e-texts, instructional software, MS images, fonts, CD-ROM, and Anglo-Saxon clip-art...
• Lindisfarne Gospels
• Preface to a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Peterborough Abbey, c.1121 (Bodleian Library, MS. Laud Misc. 636, fol. 1r).
• Learning Old English (Tony Jebson)
• Murray McGillivray's Online Old English course
• Icelandic Manuscript Collection (The Árni Magnússon Institute in Iceland)

Middle English Period

• Online Medieval and Classical Library
• Juris Lidaka's handout on ME Versions of Psalm 23
• Juris Lidaka's unit on Boethius' Former Age through the ages (for Mac users, thorns appear as '?').
• UVa Middle English Texts
• Middle English texts in electronic format (University of Virginia)...
• The Glossarial Database of Middle English
• Glossaries for Chaucer, Gower, and more (Harvard University)...
• The Middle English Compendium
• Engelond: Resources for 14th-Century English Studies (Linda Voigts: Univ. of Missouri-Kansas City)

Early Modern English

• The Great Vowel Shift (Harvard Chaucer Site)
• Melinda Menzer's Great Vowel Shift site
• Renascence Editions
• Works of Shakespeare
• Renaissance & 17th-Century Texts (Voice of the Shuttle @ UCSB)
• Samuel Johnson (page is maintained by Jack Lynch). Includes lots of Johnson texts, most notably for this site:
• The Plan of an English Dictionary
• The Preface to The Dictionary of the English Language

American & Present-Day Englishes

• Phonological Atlas of North America (University of Pennsylvania)
• BritSpeak
• Lowlands-L
• Join discussion lists for topics on Lowlands languages
• Links to pages on English, Afrikaans, Frisian, Dutch, English, Scots, and Pidgins & Creoles ....
• American Sign Language Linguistic Research Project
• American Slanguages
• English Only
• Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism, by Geoffrey Nunberg
• Iowa Passes "English Only" Measure (2/27/02)
• U.S. English (advocates for English Only)

Course Syllabi/Syllabuses & Class Materials

• The History of English Phonemes (Bill Rogers, Furman University)
• Snake's Home Page
• Ed Duncan's Home Page, containing a HEL syllabus, links to electronic texts from every chronological stage of the language, and a link to a Hypertext Webster's Dictionary....
• Ed Duncan's History of the English Language, Spring 2000 syllabus
• Dan Mosser's HEL syllabi/syllabuses
• Spring 1997
• Spring 1998
• Spring 1999
• Spring 2000
• Spring 2001
• Spring 2002
• Spring 2005
• Susan-Marie Harrington's HEL syllabus
• Bibliography on the Development of Standard English
• Brian Zahn's Online Dictionary of Linguistic Terminology
• John Lawler's Freshman etymology course, "A World of Words"

Conferences/Workshops

• Studies in the History of the English Language
• A Conference held at UCLA, May 2000
• History of the English Language: A Panel on Pedagogy (Abstracts and Papers, SEMA 10/01)

ethnologue
Languages of United Kingdom
Sprachen von United Kingdom (Europe)

ethnologue
Albannach Gaidhlig - Language of GB

ethnologue - Angloromani - Language of GB

ethnologue - Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi - Language of GB

ethnologue - Arabic, Moroccan Spoken - Language of GB

ethnologue - Arabic, Ta'izzi-Adeni Spoken - Language of GB

ethnologue - Assyrian Neo-Aramaic - Language of GB

ethnologue - Belfast - Language of GB

ethnologue - Bengali - Language of GB

ethnologue - Birmingham - Language of GB

ethnologue - Bolton Lancashire - Language of GB

ethnologue - British Sign Language - Language of GB

ethnologue - Brummie - Language of GB

ethnologue - Brummy - Language of GB

ethnologue - BSL - Language of GB

ethnologue - Central Cumberland - Language of GB

ethnologue - Chinese, Hakka - Language of GB

ethnologue - Chinese, Mandarin - Language of GB

ethnologue - Chinese, Yue - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cockney - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cornish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cornwall - Language of GB

ethnologue - Craven Yorkshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cumberland - Language of GB

ethnologue - Curnoack - Language of GB

ethnologue - Cymraeg - Language of GB

ethnologue - Devonshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Dgernesiais - Language of GB

ethnologue - Dorset - Language of GB

ethnologue - Durham - Language of GB

ethnologue - East Anglia - Language of GB

ethnologue - East Devonshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - East Sutherlandshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Edinburgh - Language of GB

ethnologue - English - Language of GB

ethnologue - English Romani - Language of GB

ethnologue - Erse - Language of GB

ethnologue - Erse - Language of GB

ethnologue - Estonian - Language of GB

ethnologue - Farsi, Western - Language of GB

ethnologue - French - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaeilge - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelg - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic, Irish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaelic, Scottish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gàidhlig - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gailck - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gaoidhealg - Language of GB

ethnologue - Greek - Language of GB

ethnologue - Gujarati - Language of GB

ethnologue - Hebrew - Language of GB

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ethnologue - Irish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Italian - Language of GB

ethnologue - Japanese - Language of GB

ethnologue - Jerriais - Language of GB

ethnologue - Kalderash - Language of GB

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ethnologue - Kirmanjki - Language of GB

ethnologue - Kurdish, Northern - Language of GB

ethnologue - Latvian - Language of GB

ethnologue - Leeward Caribbean Creole English - Language of GB

ethnologue - Lithuanian - Language of GB

ethnologue - Lovari - Language of GB

ethnologue - Lowland Scottish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Malayalam - Language of GB

ethnologue - Maltese - Language of GB

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ethnologue - Manx Gaelic - Language of GB

ethnologue - Newcastle Northumberland - Language of GB

ethnologue - Norfolk - Language of GB

ethnologue - Norn - Language of GB

ethnologue - North Lancashire - Language of GB

ethnologue - North Wiltshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - North Yorkshire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Northern Scots - Language of GB

ethnologue - Northern Welsh - Language of GB

ethnologue - Northumberland - Language of GB

ethnologue - Old Kentish Sign Language - Language of GB

ethnologue - Palari - Language of GB

ethnologue - Palarie - Language of GB

ethnologue - Panjabi, Eastern - Language of GB

ethnologue - Panjabi, Mirpur - Language of GB

ethnologue - Panjabi, Western - Language of GB

ethnologue - Parlare - Language of GB

ethnologue - Parlary - Language of GB

ethnologue - Parlyaree - Language of GB

ethnologue - Parsi - Language of GB

ethnologue - Pashto, Northern - Language of GB

ethnologue - Pashto, Southern - Language of GB

ethnologue - Patagonian Welsh - Language of GB

ethnologue - Pogadi Chib - Language of GB

ethnologue - Polari - Language of GB

ethnologue - Portuguese - Language of GB

ethnologue - Posh `N' Posh - Language of GB

ethnologue - Radcliffe Lancashire - Language of GB

ethnologue - Rom - Language of GB

ethnologue - Romani English - Language of GB

ethnologue - Romani, Vlax - Language of GB

ethnologue - Romani, Welsh - Language of GB

ethnologue - Romanichal - Language of GB

ethnologue - Romenes - Language of GB

ethnologue - Saraiki - Language of GB

ethnologue - Scots - Language of GB

ethnologue - Scots Gaelic - Language of GB

ethnologue - Scottish Cant - Language of GB

ethnologue - Scottish Traveller Cant - Language of GB

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ethnologue - Somali - Language of GB

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ethnologue - Tagalog - Language of GB

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ethnologue - Yinglish - Language of GB

ethnologue - Yoruba - Language of GB

F

furman
The Great Vowel Shift

• See and Hear the GVS
• What is the Great Vowel Shift?
• Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced Speakers
  Explanation | Middle English | 1450 to 1550 | 1550 to 1650 | 1650 to 1750 | Words from the dialogue
• English Literature and the GVS
  Chaucer | Shakespeare | Later Literature
• Terminology/FAQ
  What is a long vowel? | What is this trapezoid? | What do these "letters" represent? | What is PDE?
• Links, Sources, and Credits

This site is designed for my students--undergraduates with limited linguistic knowledge who are being introduced to the Great Vowel Shift.

The "Great Vowel Shift" was a massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. Basically, the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift has had long-term implications for, among other things, orthography, the teaching of reading, and the understanding of any English-language text written before or during the Shift. Any standard history of the English language textbook (see our sources) will have a discussion of the GVS. This page gives just a quick overview; our interactive See and Hear page adds sound and animation to give you a better sense of how this all works.

When we talk about the GVS, we usually talk about it happening in eight steps. It is very important to remember, however, that each step did not happen overnight. At any given time, people of different ages and from different regions would have different pronunciations of the same word. Older, more conservative speakers would retain one pronunciation while younger, more advanced speakers were moving to a new one; some people would be able to pronounce the same word two or more different ways. The same thing happens today, of course: I can pronounce the word "route" to rhyme with "boot" or with "out" and may switch from one pronunciation to another in the midst of a conversation. Please see our Dialogue: Conservative and Advanced section for an illustration of this phenomenon.

furman
The History of English Phonemes

This Website was constructed by William E. Rogers of the English Department at Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina, and Diana Ervin, an English major at Furman. The site is intended to supplement four courses currently taught at Furman: English 38 (History of the English Language), English 39 (English Grammar), English 40 (Medieval English Literature), and English 60 (Chaucer). The construction of this site was made possible by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to Furman University and Wofford College (Furman/Wofford Mellon Program).

This Website is designed to help students of the English language trace the development of the phonemes of English from the Old English period into Present-Day English. The information contained in the site is available in any good textbook on the history of the language, but printed texts normally present the information in a linear fashion corresponding to the chronological development of English. The value of the Website is the hypertextual treatment of the information, which is meant to keep students from having to spend a great deal of time leafing through textbooks.

The navigation bar on the left-hand side of this page mirrors the structure of the site. Click on "Instructions" in the navigation bar for instructions on using the site, or click on the green button here.

ENGLISH PHONEMES:
Instructions for Using Site
Phonology: Consonants | Vowels
Phonemes:
Old English (OE): Consonants | Vowels
Middle English (ME): Consonants | Vowels
Early Modern English (EME): Consonants | Vowels
Present-Day English (PDE): Consonants | Vowels
Sound-Changes
Spelling
Useful Links

G

geocities

googlealert
Language-Links per E-Mail

H

hel
History of the English Language

...
To subscribe to our discussion list (HEL-L), click on the following URL: http://wiz.cath.vt.edu/mailman/listinfo/hel-l and follow the instructions for subscribing.

A searchable archive of the HEL-L discussion list is maintained at the LINGUIST web site. To go directly to the HEL-L archive, 1994-Present, click here.
...

History of English
A Brief Look at the History of English

• Old English (or Anglo-Saxon),
• Middle English, and
• Modern English.

historychannel

I

infoplease
English language

infoplease
History of English

J

K

King James Bible (W3)

• From time to time
• the apple of the parents' eye
• as old as the hills
• at death's door
• at our wits' end
• gone through a baptism of fire
• be about to bite the dust
• the blind are leading the blind
• casting pearls before the swine
• buttering someone up
• casting the first stone
• haves and have-nots
• heads on plates
• thieves in the night
• scum of the earth
• best until last
• sackcloth and ashes
• streets paved in gold
• skin of one' teeth

• no contentious notes in the margins
• no language inaccessible to common people
• a true and accurate text, driven by an unforgivingly exacting level of scholarship.

• Lancelot Andrews (Experte in alten Sprachen, Dekan von Westminster)
• John Layfield (Teilnehmer im Krieg gegen Spanien in Puerto Rico, der noch seiner Zeit in der Karibik nachtrauerte)
• George Abbott (Verfasser einees Eltführers)
• Hadrian à Saravia (halb Flame, halb Spanier)
• arabische Gelehrte
• William Bedwell (Mathematiker)
• Henry Savile (Mathematiker)
• Richard "Dutch" Thomson (Alkoholiker, und hervorragender Lateiner)
• John Overall (Dekan von St. Paul's, dem nachgesagt wurde nur noch LAtein zu sprechen, und dessen Frau ihn wegen eines nicht Lateinisch sprechenden Höflings verließ)

• -500 Hebrw Bible
• -250 Septuagint
• 50-150 New Testament
• 200 Old Latin Translations
• 383-405 Latin Vulgate Translation
• 800 Alcuin Bible
• 1200 Paris Bible, Dominikaner und Franziskaner in Paris und Bologna standardisierten die Ordnung der Bücher der Bibel und teilten sie in Kapitel ein.
• 1382 Wycliff Bible
• 1455 Gutenberg Bible
• 1526 Erasmus Translation
• 1522-1534 Luther Bible
• 1526 Tyndale Translation
• 1535 Coverdale Bible
• 1537 Matthew Bible
• 1539 Great Bible
• 1560 Geneva Bible, eine protestantische, französisch-sprachige Ausgabe mit einer ersten Nummerierung aller Verse
• 1568 Bishops' Bible
• 1582-1610 Douai-Rheims Bible
• 1611 King James Bible

• Genesis
• Exodus
• Leviticus
• Numbers
• Deuteronomy
• The Book of Joshua
• The Book of Judges
• The Book of Ruth
• The First Book of Samuel
• The Second Book of Samuel
• The First Book of the Kings
• The Second Book of the Kings
• The First Book of the Chronicles
• The Second Book of the Chronicles
• Ezra
• The Book of Nehemiah
• The Book of Esther
• The Book of Job
• The Book of Psalms
• The Proverbs
• Ecclesiastes
• The Song of Solomon
• The Book of the Prophet Isaiah
• The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah
• The Lamentations of Jeremiah
• The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel
• The Book of Daniel
• Hosea
• Joel
• Amos
• Obadiah
• Jonah
• Micah
• Nahum
• Habakkuk
• Zephaniah
• Haggai
• Zechariah
• Malachi

• The Gospel According to Saint Matthew
• The Gospel According to Saint Mark
• The Gospel According to Saint Luke
• The Gospel According to Saint John
• The Acts of the Apostles
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans
• The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians
• The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Galatians
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Ephesians
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Philippians
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Colossians
• The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians
• The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians
• The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy
• The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Timothy
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Titus
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to Philemon
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews
• The General Epistle of James
• The First Epistle General of Peter
• The Second General Epistle of Peter
• The First Epistle General of John
• The Second Epistle General of John
• The Third Epistle General of John
• The General Epistle of Jude
• The Revelation of Saint John the Devine

Manifold Greatness: Bodleian Library Oxford recounts the Making of the King James Bible

• King James Bible 1611 (auch als PDF-File)
• Douay-Rheims and King James Bibles

Words in the King James Bible:

• 12,143 individual words in the English,
• 783,137 total words,
• 8,674 individual words in the Hebrew Old Testament
• 5,624 individual words in the Greek New Testament

• King James Bible
• King James Bible Reference Suite
• King James Bible with Strong's Dictionary and Hebrew and Greek Concordance
• King James Sacred Name Bible

The New English Bible
Kenneth Rexroth compares the New English Bible with the King James Version

krysstal
Languages and Linguistics

krysstal
English-Speaking Countries
History of English
The Origin and History of the English Language

• Languages and Linguistics
• 30 Most Spoken Languages in the World is a table.
• Borrowed Words
• The Origin of Words and Names
• Writing came after the spoken language.
• UK and US English differences
• Cockney Rhyming Slang
• An Introduction to Grammar
• Travel and Photography
• The Acts of the Democracies
• Eclipses, Occultations and Transits
• Kings and Queens lists the monarchs of England.
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Football
• Fantasy Television
• Cookery
• Other
• Essays on other topics not covered by previous sections: social, cultural, historical, religious, biological, geographical.
• Inventions tabulates the time and location of humanity's greatest inventions.
• Religions of the World describes the world's major religions and includes Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and others with tables and evolution.
• Biblical Contradictions contains a short table of contradictions in the Bible.
• Astrology and Astronomy looks at the differences between astronomy (the science) and astrology (the beleif system).
• It's a WORLD Wide Web, looks at communication on the internet. It discusses how to write for an audience that could be from any of 200 countries without making assumptions that may baffle or offend.
• Animal Kingdom lists the numbers of species of animals by the main divisions of phylum, class, and order.
• Rain explains how different types of rain are caused with diagrams.
• Countries lists the world's countries, including dates, previous names, capitals, form of government and main languages.
• The Frank Zappa Memorial Page is a tribute and contains an album listing and brief biography.

ku-eichstaett
Englische Sprachwissenschaft
Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt

• Some Dates on the History of the English Language (von J.G.)
• American English vs. British English (kleines Rätsel und Überblick von J.G.)
• Schimpfwörter in verschiedenen Varietäten des Englischen (B.A.-Arbeit von Verena Gutsche - PDF-Dokument)
• The Lord's Prayer (in Old, Middle and Early Modern English) (von J.G.)
• On the History of Last Names (von J.G.)
• Neologisms in American English: Acronyms and Blendings (Seminararbeit von Claudia König - Word-Dokument)
• People who went "down in language" (Über einige Personennamen, die zu ganz normalen Substantiven wurden - von J.G.)
• Warum Dinge ihren Namen ändern (populärwissenschaftliche Essays TeilnehmerInnen eines sprachgeschichtlichen Seminars bei J.G.)
• Zum Thema "Feministische Linguistik" (ein Einblick in das Thema Feministische Sprachkritik und Sprachreform von Volker Sperber)
• Fragebogenuntersuchung zum Thema "Political Correctness" (Seminararbeit von Kirsten Handke - Word-Dokument)
• Humor in Australia, England and the USA (Seminararbeit von Daniel Knauer - Word-Dokument)
• Sprachwissenschaft für den Sprachunterricht: Einige Hinweise für Englischlehrer (Zusammenfassung eines sprachwissenschaftlichen Proseminars bei J.G.)
• Unterschiede zwischen der Early Version und der Late Version der Wyclifbibel (Seminararbeit von Richard Fischer - PDF-Format)
• Der Einfluss des Irisch-Gälischen auf die irische Varietät des Englischen im Bereich landwirtschaftlicher Wörter (Seminararbeit von Christian Karl - PDF-Format)
• The fate of Middle English loanwords from French (Seminararbeit von Diana Sklarzik - PDF-Format)
• Language Policy in Scotland and Northern Ireland (Essay von Daniel Knauer - PDF-Format)
• English Language Teaching across Europe (Website zum Erfolg des Englischunterrichts in Deutschland, Litauen und Ungarn, von Birgit Legeland und Vanessa Schnitzler)
• Häufig gestellte Fragen zur englischen Sprache im Klassenzimmer (Seminararbeit von Kathrin Lindner - PDF-Dokument)

L

Language (W3)

Language Code (W3)

Latinisierung Englands
Latinisierung der englischen Sprache (W3)

• Harald II. Godwinson, schon am 05. Januar 1066 zum neuen König gewählt, war der Sohn von Godwin von Wessex, dem Führer einer angelsächsischen Gruppierung in England.
• König Harald III. Hardrada von Norwegen, der Enkel Knuds des Großen, der England von 1016 bis 1035 regiert hatte.
• Der Normannenherzog Wilhelm, der seinen Anspruch auf den englischen Thron von der Zusage des 1064 in der Normandie weilenden König Eduard ableitete.

Großbritannien in römischer Zeit

• 1 Vorrömisches Britannien
• 2 Erster Feldzug Caesars 55 v. Chr.
• 3 Zweiter Feldzug Caesars 54 v. Chr.
• 4 Eroberung Britanniens 43 n. Chr.
• 5 Abschluss der Eroberung
• 6 Festigung der Nordgrenze
• 7 Romanisierung
• 8 Spätantike
• 9 Dunkles Zeitalter
• 10 Wirtschaft
• 11 Provinzen und Verwaltung
• 11.1 Bekannte Civitates Britanniens
• 12 Zeittafel
• 13 Siehe auch
• 14 Literatur
• 14.1 Quellen
• 14.2 Sekundärliteratur
• 15 Weblinks

Angelsachsen

• 1 Herkunft der Angelsachsen
• 1.1 Der Name
• 2 Anfänge bis zur Besiedlung der britischen Insel
• 3 Siedlungsgeschichte in England
• 3.1 Angelsächsische Stämme
• 3.2 Siedlungswesen- und Formen
• 3.3 Wikingerzeit
• 4 Kultur der Angelsachsen
• 4.1 Sprache und Schrift
• 4.2 Heidnische Religion
• 4.2.1 Christianisierung
• 5 Siehe auch
• 6 Literatur
• 7 Weblinks
• 8 Einzelnachweise

Geschichte Englands

• 1 Vor-Römisches England
• 2 Römische Zeit
• 3 Die Sächsische Eroberung
• 3.1 Die Kleinkönigreiche
• 3.2 Christianisierung
• 4 Die Wikingerzeit
• 4.1 Erste Angriffe und Entstehung des dänischen Siedlungsgebiets
• 4.2 Entstehung des Königreiches England
• 4.3 England im dänischen Großreich
• 4.4 Die letzten angelsächsischen Könige
• 5 England im Hochmittelalter
• 5.1 Aufbau der normannischen Herrschaft
• 5.2 Bürgerkrieg und Dynastie Plantagenet
• 5.3 Entstehung des englischen Parlamentarismus
• 5.4 Ausdehnung in die benachbarten Territorien
• 5.5 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Hochmittelalter
• 5.6 Geistesleben im Hochmittelalter
• 6 England im Spätmittelalter
• 6.1 Der Hundertjährige Krieg
• 6.2 Die Rosenkriege
• 6.3 Die letzte Erhebung der Waliser
• 6.4 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Spätmittelalter
• 7 Die Tudor-Epoche
• 7.1 Konsolidierung der Tudor-Herrschaft
• 7.2 Erste Regierungsjahre Heinrichs VIII.
• 7.3 Der Bruch mit Rom
• 7.4 Die Krise der Tudors
• 7.5 Die Herrschaft Marias I.
• 7.6 Geistesleben im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit
• 8 Das Elisabethanische Zeitalter
• 8.1 Durchsetzung der Reformation
• 8.2 Wachsender Einfluss auf Schottland
• 8.3 Konflikt mit Spanien
• 8.4 Letzte Herrschaftsjahre Elisabeths
• 8.5 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im 16. Jahrhundert
• 8.6 Geistesleben im 16. Jahrhundert
• 9 Die Stuart-Epoche
• 9.1 Jakob I. - Der erfolglose Reformer
• 9.2 Karl I. - Ringen mit den Parlamenten
• 9.3 Der Bürgerkrieg
• 10 Commonwealth of England
• 11 Wiederherstellung und neue Krise der Monarchie
• 12 „Glorreiche Revolution“
• 12.1 Die Vorgeschichte
• 12.2 Die Revolution
• 12.3 Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im 17. Jahrhundert
• 12.4 Geistesleben im 17. Jahrhundert
• 13 Fußnoten
• 14 Siehe auch
• 15 Literatur (in Auswahl)
• 16 Weblinks

Bretagne

• 1 Geographie
• 2 Klima
• 3 Geschichte
• 3.1 Die Römer
• 3.2 Bretonische Einwanderung
• 3.3 Königreich, Karolinger, Herzogtum Bretagne
• 3.4 Mittelalter und Französische Feudalzeit
• 3.5 Die Neuzeit
• 3.6 Der Erste Weltkrieg
• 3.7 Die Zwischenkriegszeit
• 3.8 Der Zweite Weltkrieg
• 3.9 Nach 1945
• 4 Bevölkerung, Sprache und Kultur
• 4.1 Sprache
• 4.2 Religion
• 4.3 Kultur
• 5 Politik
• 6 Politische Gliederung
• 7 Wirtschaft
• 7.1 Energie
• 8 Verkehr
• 9 Literatur
• 10 Weblinks
• 11 Quellen

...
Bretonische Einwanderung

Ab etwa 450 n. Chr., nach dem Niedergang des Römischen Reiches, wanderten christianisierte Waliser auf die bretonische Halbinsel ein. Gleichzeitig dehnten sich die Siedlungsgebiete der heidnischen Sachsen, Angeln und Jüten auf der britischen Hauptinsel immer weiter aus. So setzten etwa zwei Jahrhunderte lang in unregelmäßigen Abständen sogenannte Inselkelten in die Bretagne über. Sie besiedelten und christianisierten Aremorica und brachten ihre Sprache in das bereits lange romanisierte Gallien. Das Bretonische geht also nicht auf die zu Caesars Zeiten in der Bretagne gesprochene keltische Sprache, das Gallische zurück. Im Zuge der Stärkung der keltischen Sprache und Kultur wurden die Gallorömer immer weiter zurückgedrängt, bis sie die Vorherrschaft um 580 endgültig verloren.
...

linguatec
Voice Reader

Sprachen: Deutsch | Englisch UK | Englisch US | Französisch FR | Französisch CA | Italienisch | Spanisch | Mexikanisch | Portugiesisch | Tschechisch | Niederländisch | Russisch | Schwedisch | Polnisch | Chinesisch

linguist
Varieties of English Around the World

M

merriam-webster
What are the origins of the English Language?

The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called "Old English" (or "Anglo-Saxon"), "Middle English", and "Modern English". The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down.
...

mhhe
The Mayfield Handbook of Technical Scientific Writing

• 1. Planning and ProducingDocuments
• 2. Document Types
• 3. Elements of TechnicalDocuments
• 4. Graphs and Figures
• 5. Paragraphs
• 6. Sentences
• 7. Words
• 8. Punctuation
• 9. Mechanics
• 10. Citing Sources and ListingReferences
• 11. Parts of Speech
• 12. Parts of Sentences
• 13. Sentence Types and WordOrder
• 14. Usage Glossary
• 15. Writer's Resources

N

natcorp
British National Corpus (BNC)

...
The British National Corpus (BNC) is a 100 million word collection of samples of written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of current British English, both spoken and written. ...
If you just want a taste of what is in the BNC, you can perform a simple search using the World Wide Web. You can do this directly from the web browser you are currently using to read this page, without registering.
The restricted search interface will not return more than 50 hits, with a maximum of one sentence of context for each, but it will support any legal CQL query.
...

• A0U 2313 On even days he whispered about the five different meanings of how's your father and the etymology of knackered, Bob's your uncles , and taking the piss out of X or Y .
• A6B 215 The falling of Burbank, taking us down the moral ladder, and the "saggy bending of the knees"; of Bleistein, taking us down the evolutionary ladder, lead to the declining "smoky candle end of time"; which prepares Burbank and the reader to ponder over "Time's ruins";, the etymology of "ruins"; being important.
• AML 1422 Systematic investigation of the authenticity of the names and of their etymology has not been attempted, although the orthography has been brought up-to-date.
• ASV 361 Callahan had advised me to devote myself to one simple and perhaps impossible mission: to discover the etymology of the word cowabunga.
• B7F 422 The guiding principles then of etymology and precedent would not be acceptable today.
• B7G 2203 I admit that there is something absurd in the notion of machines built around the simple rigour of Boolean logic having to cope with words whose spelling in some cases derives from Dr Sam Johnson's incorrect etymology.
• BMK 1178 As for boffin, although the Oxford English Dictionary states that its etymology is unknown, I have conjectured that this same purist Huxley may inadvertently have been responsible for it.
• CB1 994 I am presumably using words literally when the metaphor is a matter only of etymology ("insight";), and feel still more confident of it when the etymology belongs to the Latin ancestor of the word ("intuition";, from intueor "gaze at";).
• CB1 994 I am presumably using words literally when the metaphor is a matter only of etymology ("insight";), and feel still more confident of it when the etymology belongs to the Latin ancestor of the word ("intuition";, from intueor "gaze at";).
• CB1 998 No doubt many users of the word "introspection"; are unaware of its Latin etymology (from introspicio "look within"), yet they are surely influenced by its affinities with "inspect";, "spectator";, "spectacle"; otherwise, why do they claim to introspect entities as not physical but mental because not extended in space, treating introspection as analogous with sight, which reveals spatial extension, rather than with hearing, smell or taste, which just as much as consciousness of love or anger, hope or fear, exhibit temporal change without spatial extension?
• CBB 136 The siting of the Roman Ermine Street just to the west of Stamford prompted Francis Peck in 1727 to suggest that Stamford was formerly the important Roman town of Durobrivae , originally called Doorebriff He supported the claim with some incoherent etymology that related the name to the Saxon word "Welland";, irrespective of the fact that the gentle Welland does not rage or boil (according to Ekwall's English River Names , Welland means "good stream";).
• CBB 142 Popular etymology has claimed that "Bredcroft"; was the place where the town's medieval bakers kept their ovens and Burton claims there was a court house there, but there is no evidence.
• CCE 125 The etymology of the word Devil and the influence of pagan religion on Christianity, though perhaps interesting in themselves, are of no great theological significance.
• CCV 811 There are cases where technical terms are conventionally used, but add nothing to what could be said in simpler ways: e.g. etymology simply means `;the history of a word';, and morphology simply means `;word structure,.
• CDV 225 It is also rather odd, in that no etymology of it is known.
• CGF 1292 This might be called a "metalinguistic"; strategy since it involves self-conscious reflection on words --; their history, their etymology, even sometimes their spelling.
• CGF 1296 She preferred to use vagina --; until she looked it up in the dictionary, which gave its etymology (vagina is Latin for "sheath";, as in where you keep your sword).
• CGF 1299 At other times it is more effective to ignore history and etymology in order to make a feminist point.
• CGF 1303 Similarly, some feminists spell women as wimmin or womyn to avoid including the element men --; even though that is not the true etymology and indeed, the element is not even pronounced.
• CGF 1307 (Incidentally, in this case men have not been above etymologising the word to suit them: Dennis Baron documents the very prevalent early etymology of woman as meaning either "womb-man"; or "woe-to-man";!)
• CGF 1397 Daly and Caputi are especially preoccupied with reclaiming the spiritual powers women were once invested with --; powers hinted at in the etymology of words like glamour , as noted above.
• CKN 485 Tolkien had been brought from South Africa at the age of four; Lewis was a Belfast man schooled in England for whom, like his Mend Tolkien, the Western Front had proved the deepest trauma of a largely bookish life; Charles Williams, an Oxford publisher who died in 1945, was a Londoner; Dorothy Sayers, who died a dozen years later, the daughter of an Anglican clergyman; and Owen Barfield a London solicitor who shared with his friends a passion for all things lexical, and above all for the etymology of words.
• CKN 536 It is also playfully lexical, in a manner that engagingly unites the bookish child and the ageing professor of Anglo-Saxon, and its word-games are totally unlike those of Joyce --; more to do with etymology than punning, more Germanic than Latin, and ultimately populist and patriotic in their insistence on how English arose out of its pre-Conquest roots.
• CKN 550 Its passion for etymology, real or invented, appealed to a vanishing social world that adored word-games and crossword puzzles, and it reflects Tolkien's early years as an editor of the Oxford English Dictionary : in fact he thriftily reworked his philological papers into the texture of his fiction.
• CRM 7538 etymology.
• EA3 950 Non-literate Africans can explain the etymology of words as non-literate English-speakers cannot…
• EAT 306 One might wish to replace the obsolete name of a country or language with the modern name in every definition or etymology.
• EVA 304 The etymology here could well indicate the contact during sleep between the living and the dead, in which case sleep may be regarded as a miniature death that takes a person away from the conscious life of the day.
• EVB 591 etymology and word families
• EVB 592 Most people are fascinated by the way words change their meanings and their form and spelling: your pupils may not know that the history of any one word can be a story in itself (like the etymology of the word" history").
• FAD 1160 Amongst other things, this type of study can contribute to problems in English etymology, for example in dealing with pairs of the type: pack/peck .
• G1N 128 As Jonathan Culler points out, the pun is to the synchronic dimension of language what etymology is to the diachronic dimension (1988:2), and Julia plays on this parallel by confusing the two.
• G1Y 1439 His dismissal of McQueen's argument contrasts the man of the world with the islander, the widely-read man of learning and classical scholarship with the local pastor who had an amateur interest in the etymology of his own language.
• GT4 1172 Thus, in his own commentary, he was able to make apposite reference to Hebrew etymology and exegesis, and to Jewish tradition.
• H0Y 2132 etymology
• HB2 1142 Looking at it another way it is perhaps a neat coupling of the word's etymology.
• HGH 51 Apart from anything else, it leads us into several fascinating areas, such as etymology, linguistic fashion, verbal humour, and the expression of gender --; the last two being particularly difficult roads to travel along, and where the bones of many an unwary linguist can be found along the way.
• HGR 1597 The definitions contained in this dictionary are voluminous descriptions of the etymology of the words, the dictionary being designed for people with a deep interest in the English language.
• HXS 16 The etymology of the medieval French word carries some suggestion of what the characteristic features of tales of this genre were originally considered to be, although nothing detailed enough to form a definition.
• HY0 70 His account of their arrival and his etymology for their name cannot be trusted.
• J7U 14 His view of this" delirious" material (note the etymology of délire) is that it breaks the rules of language (grammar, syntax, semantic cohesion) but that it does not mean nothing.
• J7U 40 My favourite comes when he is lamenting the decline of etymology as a linguistic discipline; he talks of" the death-toll of etymology" being" sounded"… by the Neo-Grammarians (p. 187).
• J7U 40 My favourite comes when he is lamenting the decline of etymology as a linguistic discipline; he talks of" the death-toll of etymology" being" sounded"… by the Neo-Grammarians (p. 187).
• K93 323 Kingdon (1958b) produced a detailed survey of stress tendencies in a corpus of many thousands of words; the analysis is based not only on phonological structure but also on etymology and morphology.

nbierma
Writing Archive

I love words - their shapes, their sounds, their nuances, their pasts, their limitations. I think I loved words even before I could talk; when my parents and grandparents read me stories, the rhythm of the words put me in a solemn trance. Everything since has been an extension of that mesmerization.
...

‘Meta’-morphosis: It’s everywhere
Wednesday, August 2nd, 2006
Too much meta. That’s what Sam McManis wrote earlier this year in the Sacramento Bee, talking about the just-released movie “Tristram Shandy: A Cock and Bull Story.” The movie is “a movie about making a movie of an 18th Century comic novel that was about the conventions of novel writing,” McManis explained. “How very meta it [...]

‘Co-’ offers an alternative for families that are in ’step’
Thursday, November 24th, 2005
More than 10 years ago, sisters Kathy McGrath and Jeannie McDonald encountered a dilemma when introducing the members of their new stepfamily. “We found ourselves dealing with awkward situations when introducing someone: `This is my dad’s wife,’” McGrath said. “There was always a hesitation in our voice. Saying `stepmother’ and `stepson’ never seemed to convey the [...]

Despite White House theme, days numbered for ‘merry’
Wednesday, December 15th, 2004
The White House theme gave a boost to a word that has been lagging lately in the English language: “merry.” As with our Christmas ornaments, we pick “merry” out of our closets this time of year, blow the dust off it, and put it on prominent display in anticipation of Dec. 25. After that, we put it back in a box and keep it in storage for the next 11 months.

Sentence diagramming finds way back into some hearts
Wednesday, December 8th, 2004
Sentence diagramming is the long division of English. It involves a bewildering array of lines and diagonal branches. It is loathed as an elementary school chore. And it is presumed to be obsolete.

Enjoy reading and writing? You have alphabet to thank
Wednesday, November 17th, 2004
What would you say was the most influential invention in human history? The wheel? The light bulb? How about the alphabet? We tend to take it for granted, but the alphabet was a human invention. Without it, we wouldn’t read books and newspapers or write shopping lists and e-mails. We would have to rely on recitations and [...]

Newscasters speaking in ‘-ing’ are creating a tense situation
Wednesday, November 10th, 2004
Milk sales are up, reported NBC’s Peter Alexander last month on "Nightly News." What Alexander said was this: "America’s favorite drink at home now becoming a popular choice for families on the go." Not "is becoming," but "now becoming." This strange syntax is getting more common on television news.

Doctor Dolittle had it wrong, but animals do communicate
Wednesday, November 3rd, 2004
“Doctor Dolittle, despite his good intentions, was laboring under a misapprehension,” writes Stephen Anderson, professor of linguistics and psychology at Yale, in his new book “Doctor Dolittle’s Delusion: Animals and the Uniqueness of Human Language” (Yale, $35). Hugh Lofting’s early 20th Century novels about a doctor who converses with animals may be delightful works of literature, [...]

Political words for bigwigs and fat cats
Wednesday, October 27th, 2004
Political language is often stuffy and dull, but it can also be clever, creative and cruel. Here are some of the cliches and coinages that have spiced up American politics, from the new book “Hatchet Jobs and Hardball: The Oxford Dictionary of American Political Slang” (Oxford, $25) by lexicographer Grant Barrett.

Nicaraguan deaf children create language of their own
Thursday, October 14th, 2004
A generation ago, Nicaragua was one of the few countries in the world without a widely used sign language for the hearing impaired. That changed in the late 1970s, when a group of deaf Nicaraguan children developed one of their own. Today, Nicaraguan Sign Language (linguists refer to it as ISN for “Idioma de Signos Nicaragense”) [...]

Dictionary offers full menu of culinary terms to digest
Thursday, October 7th, 2004
Menus make great vocabulary lists, and “there’s no better way to remember a new vocabulary word than to eat it,” writes William Grimes, former restaurant critic for The New York Times, in “Eating Your Words: 2000 Words to Tease Your Taste Buds” (Oxford, $20). His culinary dictionary is interspersed with lists of 113 words for [...]

Slogan puts Bulls in the thick of it
Thursday, September 30th, 2004
The Chicago Bulls’ slogan for their current season-ticket campaign is “Through Thick and Thin!”

Apprentices learn ancestral tongues
Thursday, September 23rd, 2004
The death of a language, the late linguist Ken Hale said, is like dropping a bomb on the Louvre. Every time a language dies out, “you lose a culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art.” Preventing these cultural catastrophes in California is the work of Leanne Hinton, Hale’s co-editor of “The Green Book of Language Revitalization [...]

Expectant parents form bonds through ‘belly talk’
Thursday, September 9th, 2004
Everyone knows how parents talk to their babies, using the childlike syllables and sentences we call “baby talk.” But one researcher is studying how parents talk to the baby before it is born. Sallie Han, a pre-doctoral fellow at the University of Michigan’s Center for the Ethnography of Everyday Life, has a name for the attempts [...]

Bilingual writers reflect on their ‘Mother Tongues’
Thursday, September 2nd, 2004
Learning a new language means more than memorizing a new vocabulary and mastering different rules of grammar. It also means adopting a new way of matching words to experience and memory, as “The Genius of Language: Fifteen Writers Reflect on Their Mother Tongues” (Pantheon, $23) illustrates. This collection of essays by bilingual authors—most of them immigrants [...]

Fact or fiction? ‘Solecism’ history sounds Greek to me
Thursday, August 19th, 2004
The Word of the Day that turned up in my e-mail inbox was “solecism,” meaning a breach of grammar or etiquette. It comes from the Greek word “soloikismos,” for “speaking incorrectly.” I learned this from Merriam-Webster’s free service for word buffs; you can sign up at www.m-w.com, but I warn you, it launches endless etymological expeditions. Here’s [...]

Besides jobs, U.S. accents also being exported to India
Thursday, July 8th, 2004
With the outsourcing of American jobs comes the exporting of American accents. In Bangalore, India—the Silicon Valley of the subcontinent—the booming customer service call center industry depends on coaching Indian workers to talk like they’re from Wisconsin. Sort of. The process is called “accent neutralization.” But in reality, trainers are out to transform, not just tweak, [...]

Rico the dog’s vocabulary restarts linguists’ debate
Thursday, July 1st, 2004
One thing everyone agrees on: Rico is one special dog. Researchers in Germany spotted Rico on a TV game show and brought him in for tests. What they found, the journal Science reported last month, was that the brilliant border collie seemed to recognize more than 200 German words. That kind of vocabulary was previously thought [...]

At the end of the day, ‘back in the day’ just means ‘past’
Thursday, June 24th, 2004
CNN anchor Soledad O’Brien once owned a lavender Citroen, she recalled on the air June 10.
“Wow! That was back in the day,” her guest remarked.
“That was so back in the day it’s not even funny,” O’Brien replied. “I don’t want to talk about it anymore.”
Which “day” we are talking about is not always clear, but there has been a lot of going back to it lately.

Esperanto’s fans hoping it becomes `lingvo internacia’
Thursday, June 10th, 2004
“Saluton!” The greeting rings throughout the Sulzer Regional Library auditorium in Ravenswood as members of the Esperanto Society of Chicago gather for their monthly meeting. They have come to study and celebrate the language of Esperanto, invented in the late 19th Century to be an international language. The meeting is conducted almost entirely in Esperanto, but [...]

Our not-so-sound language a natural for spelling bees
Thursday, June 3rd, 2004
Korean has a simple correspondence between spelling and sounds. English, with its many foreign influences and irregularities, does not.
“Spelling bees are largely an American phenomenon, something that is unique to the English language,” said Paige Kimble.

‘Wordcraft’ details birth of brand names, semantics of ‘berries’
Tuesday, May 25th, 2004
There is a moment every marketer both dreams of and fears. It is the time when a brand name, by decree of the dictionary or whims of the zeitgeist, becomes a common noun or a verb. This can be a blessing - the ultimate validation of a name that is both catchy and meaningful. But it can also be a curse. The more widely a word is used, the harder it is to legally protect as a trademark. So we “xerox” a memo, “fed-ex” a package or “google” a blind date, to the chagrin of squads of copyright attorneys in corporate headquarters.

In a brand name’s infancy, however, the thought of gaining this kind of cultural currency is an inspiration to professional namers, says Alex Frankel in his new book Wordcraft: The Art of Turning Little Words Into Big Business (Crown, $24.95).

Business school emphasizes a ‘values-based’ curriculum
Thursday, April 22nd, 2004
The Loyola University Graduate School of Business has new billboards around town that read, “We educate values-based leaders.” As timely as the tagline is in this era of Enron/Tyco corporate scandal, it raises one question: What exactly is a values-based leader? “Most business schools do an effective job educating students about the technical aspects of business—debits, credits, [...]

‘Eats, Shoots & Leaves’ takes on poor punctuation
Thursday, April 8th, 2004
Centuries ago, the word “stickler” meant the judge of a duel who made sure all the rules were obeyed. To author Lynne Truss, those were the good old days. At least people listened to that kind of stickler.
…
Truss has tried to change that with her book “Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation,” which became an unexpected best seller in Britain and will be released in North America

Linguists hunt and study words in their natural habitat
Thursday, March 25th, 2004
Sometimes language lovers sound as if they’re on a safari. They talk about observing words in their natural habitat and studying their behavior in herds.
With the first release of the American National Corpus, an annotated body of over 10 million words, linguists can hunt like never before.

Once again without feeling: Athletic cliches a team effort
Thursday, March 18th, 2004
it’s the season of the NCAA men’s basketball tournament, and, as they inevitably say, you can throw the records out the window. And the mathematics. Over the next three weeks, in pregame pep talks and postgame press conferences, players and coaches will repeatedly make the math-defying pledge to give 110 percent and offer up boundless other basketball banalities.

“If anybody watches 10 seconds of sports on TV or reads anything between quotation marks in the paper, it’s almost all cliches,” says Steve Rushin, who writes the weekly “Air and Space” column for Sports Illustrated. “We all know those ready-made phrases so well you can almost predict them before they come out of someone’s mouth: `It was a team effort; we gave 110 percent.’”

In 2000, Rushin wrote a column composed entirely of cliches (deliberately, he hastens to note).

’60s American culture altered communication
Thursday, March 11th, 2004
When did the term “rhetoric” become an insult? When did the word cease to mean artfully crafted speech and start to convey scorn, as it does when we hear a campaign speech and mutter, “That’s just rhetoric”? The answer is 1965, says John McWhorter in his recent book, “Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language [...]

The Jesuit Scholar Who Translated ‘The Passion’
Thursday, March 4th, 2004
Obscured by the furor surrounding Mel Gibson’s “The Passion of the Christ” is one relatively mundane bit of trivia: Last week’s debut marked the widest release ever of a subtitled film in North America. …
“I got a call while I was in Jerusalem: ‘Hey, Padre, It’s Mel, I got a job for you,’” Fulco said. “I said, `Mel who?’ We talked for about an hour. He told me about the project, and I couldn’t pass it up.”
In 2002, Gibson gave Fulco the script written by Benedict Fitzgerald, mostly derived from the Gospels, and asked Fulco to translate it into Aramaic , Hebrew and Latin. Fulco later translated the script back into English subtitles.

‘Sex and the City’ redefined the way women talk on TV
Thursday, February 26th, 2004
As “Sex and the City” reached its series finale Sunday, eulogists duly examined the mark it made on popular culture, from its snazzy shoes and outfits to its portrayal of single women. But few paused to note another aspect of the show’s legacy: its language.
Its adult language, to be exact.
If “fabulous” was one of the most recurring words on the show, so was a shorter word beginning with the same letter.

neatorama
New Word Order

The Oldest Words in the English Language
Posted by Alex in Book & Lit on February 26, 2009 at 3:13 pm

Mark Pagel, evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading, and colleagues have identified some of the oldest words in the English language using computer analyses:

Reading University researchers claim "I", "we", "two" and "three" are among the most ancient, dating back tens of thousands of years. [...]

At the root of the Reading University effort is a lexicon of 200 words that is not specific to culture or technology, and is therefore likely to represent concepts that have not changed across nations or millennia.
...

ntu
History of the English Language

O

omniglot
Links: English language

• General sites about the English language
• Dialects of English
• Guides to various varieties of English
• English slang
• Online English language courses
• Online English language dictionaries
• Online literature in English
• Online audio books in English and other languages
• Alternative spelling systems for English

oxforddictionaries
The history of English

P

peaklearn
Language Arts
Long List of Links

portmanteau, Portmanteau Words (W3)

psa
English: A Language for the next millenium

ENGLISH: A LANGUAGE FOR THE NEXT MILLENNIUM
Territorial Politics
CHRIS JULIOS
(QMW, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON)
International ethnolinguistic estimates suggest that the English language is currently spoken by nearly a quarter of the world’s population. Amongst approximately 5,000 existing tongues worldwide, no other language can match this growth. The present paper explores the origins and evolution of this linguistic phenomenon. From the expansion of the British Empire in the nineteenth century, through the rise of the United States to world leadership, to the latest unprecedented technological explosion of the English-speaking North American-led Internet. As the new millennium dawns upon increasingly ‘multicultural’ and ‘multilingual’ societies, a paradoxical ‘globalisation’ of the English language seems to be taking place. Against the background of an heterogeneous European Babel, the significance of one single tongue’s supremacy is examined.

• LINGUISTIC COLONIALISM
• LINGUISTIC POST-COLONIALISM
• NORTH AMERICA’S BEST EXPORT
• LANGUAGE AND MIGRATION
• THE EUROPEAN BABEL PARADOX
• ENGLISH: A LANGUAGE FOR THE NEXT MILLENNIUM
• NOTES
• REFERENCES
• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

Q

queens-english-society
Queens English Society

Welcome to the website of the Queen's English Society, dedicated to preserving and improving the beauty and precision of the English language.

questia
The History of the English Language

• -Title Page
• -Preface
• -Contents
• -Abbreviations
• -I: The Relationship of English to Other Languages.
• -Chapter I: The Indo-European Family
• -Chapter II: The Teutonic Languages--Common Characteristics.
• -Chapter III: The Old English Period
• -II: The Standard Language and the Dialects.
• -Chapter IV: The Middle English Period and the Norman Conquest.
• -Chapter V: The Written Language and the Rise of Literary English.
• -Chapter VI: English in Modern Times.
• -Chapter VII: The Growth of the English Vocabulary
• -III: The English Vocabulary.
• -Chapter VIII: The Native Element in English.
• -Chapter IX: The Foreign Element in English.
• -Chapter X: The Foreign Element in English (Continued).
• -Chapter XI: Changes which may Affect Words
• -IV: The Principles of English Etymology.
• -Chapter XII: The History of English Vowel Sounds.
• -Chapter XIII: Mutation and Gradation.
• -Chapter XIV: The Consonants.
• -Chapter XV: The English Accent.
• -Chapter XVI: Analogy in English.
• -Chapter XVII: Inflectional Levelling in English
• -V: The History of English Inflections.
• -Chapter XVIII: The Noun.
• -Chapter XIX: The Adjective.
• -Chapter XX: The Pronouns.
• -Chapter XXI: The Verb.
• -Chapter XXII: The Verb (Continued).
• -Chapter XXIII: Adverbs and Other Participles
• -Index

questia
The English Language in Modern Times, since 1400

• -Title Page
• -CONTENTS
• -PREFACE
• -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• -ABBREVIATIONS
• -PHONETIC SYMBOLS
• -LIST OF MAPS
• -Chapter I Formation of the National Language: 14th Century Backgrounds
• -Chapter II Formation of the National Language Continued: 15th and Early 16th Centuries
• -Chapter III The Literary Language in the 16th Century: Its Words and Its Sounds
• -Chapter IV Grammatical Structure and Style in the Later Renaissance
• -Chapter V The Latter 17th and the 18th Centuries
• -Chapter VI Modern English Dialects and Their Literary Uses
• -Chapter VII The English Language in the New World
• -Chapter VIII The English Language Today
• -Illustrative Materials
• -GLOSSARY
• -INDEX

questia
Modern English, Its Growth and Present Use

• -Title Page
• -Preface
• -Contents
• -I: Introduction
• -II: The English People
• -III: The English Language
• -IV: English Inflections
• -V: English Sounds
• -VI: English Words
• -VII: English Grammar
• -VIII: Conclusion
• -Appendix: The Old English Chronicle, Laud, 636.
• -Bibliography
• -Indices

R

Received Pronunciation, RP (W3)

RP (W3)

S

scitechdaily

SPELL (W3)

spellingdoctor

spellorg

swan

• Language, Language Teaching/Learning and Linguistics
• Language:
• Dialects/Regional Variants
• Handwriting and Type
• History
• Pronunciation
• Spelling
• Translation
• For reference works, see Reference

• Organisations
• CALL
• Other Resources

• Organisations/Institutions
• Journals
• Other Resources
• Directories and Links Pages

synonym
Synonyms, Antonyms and definitions for English words!

T

theatlantic
Word Watch

towerofenglish
The Tower of English

The Tower of English is here to help ESL students and teachers quickly find the best places on the Internet to practice real English! You'll find about 300 fun and interesting websites in 34 different categories.

The Tower is easy to use. Just choose a page from the ESL Internet Guide at left. You'll find a list of sites for you to visit. Read about the site to see if you're interested. Read Your Turn for a fun idea for a related activity. Some of these activities can be done at home, and some can be done in your classroom.

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U

Ulster
Language of GB
Sprache in GB

Uni Fullerton

Uni Laval
Histoire de la langue anglaise

• Section 1: Les origines de l'anglais : jusqu'à 700
• Section 2: La période du Old English (vieil anglais ou anglo-saxon): de 700 ~ 1100
• Section 3: La période du Middle English (moyen anglais): de 1100 ~ 1500
• Section 4: La période du Modern English (anglais moderne): de 1500 ~ aujourd'hui
• Section 5: Bibliographie

Uni Wuppertal

usingenglish
English Language Tips

• Adjuncts | Adverbials | Adverbs | Articles | As | Auxiliary Verbs | Conjunctions 2 | Conjuncts | Countable & Uncountable Nouns | Demonstratives | Determiners | Disjuncts | Ditransitive Verbs | Interrogative Adjectives | Interrogative Adverbs | Interrogative Pronouns | Its & It's | Like | Modal Verbs | Monotransitive Verbs | Negative Pronouns | Noun Phrase | Numerals
• Parts of Speech: Alone - Because - But - Few - How - If - Just - Little - Many - Much - Nevertheless - Since - These & Those - This & That - What - Where - Which - While - Who - Whom - Why
• Personal Pronouns | Possessive Adjectives | Possessive Pronouns | Prepositions | Pronouns | Quantifiers | Reciprocal Pronouns | Reflexive Pronouns | Relative Pronouns | So | So & Such 1 | Some & Any 1 | Spell | Such | Themself & Themselves | They're, Their & There | Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
• Examples: Adjectives that look like Adverbs 1/2 - Adverbials - Adverbs of degree 1/2 - Adverbs of frequency 1/2 - Adverbs of manner 1/2/3 - Adverbs of place 1/2 - Adverbs of time 1/2 - Auxiliary Verbs 1/2/3 - Conjunctions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Conjuncts - Definite Article - Demonstrative Adjectives - Demonstrative Pronouns - Disjuncts 1/2 - Indefinite Article - Interrogative Pronouns - Modal Verbs - Negative Pronouns - Numerals (Cardinal Numbers) - Numerals (Ordinal Numbers) - Irregular Adjectives - Some, Any & No 1/2/3 - Parts of Speech - Personal Pronouns (Object) - Personal Pronouns (One) - Personal Pronouns (Subject) - Possessive Adjectives - Possessive Pronouns - Prepositions 1/2/3/4/5/6 - Quantifiers 1/2/3 - Reciprocal Pronouns - Reflexive Pronouns - Relative Pronouns - Sentencial Adverbs 1 - Words that can give emphasis 1/2/3/4

V

verbivore

vocabula

vt
History of the English Language

vt
The Evolution of Present-Day English

• Introduction/Brief Overview
• "...sprung from some common source" (Sir William Jones, 1786): Indo-European and the Pre-History of English
• "Came they of three folk, the strongest of Germania, that of Saxons, and of Angles and Jutes" (Bede): The Beginnings of English in England
• "...and were seen fiery dragons in the air flying" (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, entry for 793): Vikings & the Influence of Old Norse
• "Thus came, lo! England into Normandy's hand" (Robert of Gloucester, ca. 1300): The Norman Conquest and Early Middle English
• "And for ther is so gret diversite / In Englissh and in wrytyng of oure tonge..." (Chaucer, ca. 1400): Late Middle English
• "I take this present period of our English tung to be the verie height thereof..." (Richard Mulcaster, 1582): Early Modern English
• "we had no lawful standard of our language set up" (Lord Chesterfield, 1754): The Development of English Dictionaries
• "How barbarously we yet write and speak..." (Dryden, 1679): The Development of English Grammars
• "...at the hands of Americans" (Henry Alford, 1863): The American (English) Language
• "Do de rite ting": World Englishes
• Glossary of Key Terms

• Language types
• Prescriptive Grammar/Correctness
• Nouns
• Pronouns
• Sounds & Spelling
• Vocabulary
• Standard Englishes
• Nonstandard Englishes

• From Angles to Americans

W

wikipedia
Englische Sprache

wikipedia
English language

English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries and of the United States since the mid 20th century, it has become the lingua franca in many parts of the world. It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language in Commonwealth countries and many international organizations.

Historically, English originated from several dialects, now collectively termed Old English, which were brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers beginning in the 5th century. The language was influenced by the Old Norse language of Viking invaders. After the Norman conquest, Old English developed into Middle English, borrowing heavily from the Norman (Anglo-French) vocabulary and spelling conventions. The etymology of the word "English" is a derivation from 12th century Old English: englisc or Engle, and plural form Angles; definition of, relating to, or characteristic of England. [3] Modern English developed with the Great Vowel Shift that began in 15th-century England, and continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of languages, as well as coining new words. A significant number of English words, especially technical words, have been constructed based on roots from Latin and ancient Greek.

Contents

• 1 Significance
• 2 History
• 3 Classification and related languages
• 4 Geographical distribution
• 4.1 Countries in order of total speakers
• 4.2 Countries where English is a major language
• 4.4 Dialects and regional varieties
• 4.5 Constructed varieties of English
• 5 Phonology
• 5.1 Vowels
• 5.1.1 Notes
• 5.2 Consonants
• 5.2.1 Notes
• 5.2.2 Voicing and aspiration
• 5.3 Supra-segmental features
• 5.3.1 Tone groups
• 5.3.2 Characteristics of intonation
• 6 Grammar
• 7 Vocabulary
• 7.1 Number of words in English
• 7.2 Word origins
• 7.2.1 Dutch and Low German origins
• 7.2.2 French origins
• 8 Writing system
• 8.1 Basic sound-letter correspondence
• 8.2 Written accents
• 9 Formal written English
• 10 Basic and simplified versions
• 11 See also
• 12 References
• 12.1 Bibliography
• 12.2 Notes
• 13 External links

...

wordinfo
English History and Its Language Development

• A condensed and illustrated version of "English History and Its Development" - The illustrated version of "English and its Historical Development" starts with Indo-European words, Part 1.
• An English History and Its Development, Introduction, Part 01 - Importance of Latin and Greek in English.
• An English History and Its Development, Introduction, Part 02 - Etymological approach to learn more about English words.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 01 - Indo-European words.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 02 - Celts settled in Britain.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 03 - Romans invaded Britain and ruled the Celts from A.D. 43-410.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 04 - Romans had to conquer the Celts with many battles.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 05 - Icenian Queen, Boadicea, made the Romans pay a heavy price.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 06 - Romans built Hadrian's wall to protect themselves from the Picts.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 07 - Picts broke through Hadrian's wall in A.D. 300.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 08 - Roman troops went back to Italy to defend Rome from invading "barbarians".
• English and its Historical Development, Part 09 - In A.D. 410, the last Roman legions withdrew from Britain, leaving the Celts to defend themselves against the Picts and Irish.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 10 - Old English Period, A.D. 450-1150.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 10A - Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, Teutonic tribes settled in Britain.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 10B - St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 priests in A.D. 597.

• English and its Historical Development, Part 10C - Caedmon, wrote "Caedmon's Hymn" in A.D. 657-680.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 11 - Beowulf, Old English literature.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 12 - A.D. 731, the Venerable Bede, a monk at Jarrow, England.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 13 - A.D. 789, the Vikings began raiding and plundering Britain.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 14 - A.D. 871-899, Alfred the Great served as the first king of England.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 15 - Danelaw and English territory.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 16 - A.D. 1016-1035, reign of King Canute (Cnute).
• English and its Historical Development, Part 17 - Accession of Edward the Confessor restored King Alfred's line.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 18 - 1066, "William the Conqueror" and his Normans and mercenaries took control of Britain.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 19 - 1150-1500, Middle English Period.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 20 - 1258, the "Provisions of Oxford", first official document to use English since the Norman Conquest.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 21 - 1350-1400, period of great literary production in Britain.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 22 - Modern-English Period, A.D. 1500 to present.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 23 - English writers used Greek and Latin to present their ideas.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 24 - Human activities developed new objects and concepts, requiring new terms, many were still from Latin and Greek origins.

• English and its Historical Development, Part 25 - Scientific presentations used Latin and Greek as their nomenclature.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 26 - New inventions required more technical terms.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 27 - Improved travel methods and communication have developed standards of speech.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 28 - Uniformity of American English resulted from improved modes of travel and communication.
• English and its Historical Development, Part 29 - Space-age generation continues to utilize terms from Latin and Greek.
• English and its Historical Development, Warrior Queen Boadicea Background - Getting better acquainted with Queen Boadicea.
• English and its Historical Development, Warrior Queen Boudicca Rebellion Described by Tacitus - Tacitus describes rebellion of Boudicca, A.D. 60-61.
• English Chronology - English Events through the centuries.

Newsletter: A List of Current and Back Issues.

• Newsletter #1: Latin phrases you should know. - News about the unusual. - It’s [sic], but that’s the way it is.
• Newsletter #2: Lose/Loose, How [sic] Can It Be? - Playing with Words. - Quotes Worth Your Time.
• Newsletter #3: Changing English Words to Make New Ones. - Auf Wiedersehen, English. - Letters from Readers.
• Newsletter #4: Instructions for use of actual products. No kidding. - Principal/Principle and mnemonic devices. - More letters from readers. - More Denglish.
• Newsletter #5: Words in the News. - More Mnemonic Devices for Greater Spelling Accuracy - The Greek Element tribo- and Its Practical Commercial Applications. - “Lawyer Idiocy” - Some Examples
• Newsletter #6: Responses to letters. - Quid Novum? Erratum, Errata. - Cyber-Legerdemain—Don’t miss this cyber magic! - Think about the Correct Use of Pronouns. - New Additions to the Search Areas. - Some Serious Considerations—Think about It!
• Newsletter #7: There are dictionaries and there are dictionaries. - Did they say what I think they said? - New Additions to the Search Areas.
• Newsletter #8: Sesquipedalian Challenges. - Logical Sequence Activity. - Educational Sources. - Golden-Oldies Poems.
• Newsletter #9: U.S. Teachers and cheating (many quotes from - news sources).
• Newsletter #10: Reader responses to teachers and cheating - Comments about book: Words for a Modern Age - Did they really write those headlines? - New words from old words - Dan Quayle and Groucho Marx Quotes - Access to cross-references search area
• Newsletter #11: Political Quotes on Target - Inventory (completed lists) of Cross-Reference Units - Access to search areas
• Newsletter #13: An Obfuscation Chart for Creating Bureaucratic Jargon. - Words poem.
• Newsletter #14: Explanation of the Sesquipedalians in Newsletter #13. - Ponder These Quotations. - Newsletter-Subscription Statistics.
• Newsletter #15: Political Quotes on Target - Inventory (completed lists) of Cross-Reference Units. - Access to search areas.

wordorigins
A Brief History of the English Language

X

Y

yaelf
English language history

The Lawgiver of English Usage: Henry Watson Fowler
...
(extract from "The Fowler Collection" site)
uk-gramma
(E?)(L?) http://www.ibiblio.org/lineback/words/hwf.htm
What is "Hiberno-English"? Is it a dialect of English?
...
Hiberno-English is the name given to the Irish dialect of English.
...
(extract from the aue archives, article by Bob Cunningham, follow the link below for the complete thread)
ie-sparch
uk-dialek
(E?)(L?) http://groups.google.com/groups?dq=&hl=en&selm=9ck4du43scf6j1ig3s4me832u8hb4jcomg%404ax.com


"No lawful standard...": The Evolution of English Dictionaries
...
(extracts from the "Virginia Tech" site, article by Daniel W. Mosser)
uk-diktio
(E?)(L?) http://wiz.cath.vt.edu/hel/helmod/dicty.html


Is English the "Official" Language of the UK?
...
Henry Churchyard: Here are some semi-random facts:
ca. 1250: First book appears to teach French to children of upper classes in England Early 14th century: Contemporary statements that all classes can speak English, while knowledge of French is somewhat limited 1362: For the first time, chancellor opens parliament in English. Lawsuits ordered to be conducted in English, not French. 2nd half of 14th century: Schools generally switch over from French to English as language of instruction. (The subject matter which is taught is still mostly Latin, of course.) 1399: Henry IV comes to throne as first monarch speaking only English (apparently) 1404: English ambassadors negotiating with France insist that French not be used as the language of negotiations (instead, Latin is used) 1st half of 15th century: Private letters between members of upper classes switch over from being generally in French to almost entirely in English 1422: London Brewers switch guild proceedings from French to English 1423: Parliamentary proceedings ("petitions of commons") start to appear in English. ca. 1430: "A large number of towns are seen translating their ordinances and their books of customs into English." late 1480's (first Tudor on throne): Parliamentary statutes are written down in English in their final form; effective disappearance of most of the last lingering uses of French in the internal domestic administration of England, though many French (and Latin) phrases remained in the language of the law.
(extract from the aue archives, articles by Don Aitken and Henry Churchyard)
uk-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&selm=a8v7bh%24kgv%40moe.cc.utexas.edu




Civil War Slang
...
us-milita
(E?)(L?) http://www.angelfire.com/ms/genealogyinfo/page4.html


Glossary of Old Names (for diseases)
...
uk-medizi
(E?)(L?) http://www.bignell.uk.com/glossary_of_old_names.htm


The History of American English
...
(extract from The History Channel site by John Algeo)
us-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://www.historychannel.com/cgi-bin/frameit.cgi?p=http%3A//www.historychannel.com/perl/print_book.pl%3FID%3D35330


The Protean N-Word
...
us-dialek
(extract from the review of "Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word" at the Amazon site)
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0375421726/etymologpor09-20


Deciphering Old Handwriting
...
(from Sabina J. Murray's "Deciphering Old Handwriting" page)
uk-zeiche
(E?)(L?) http://www.amberskyline.com/treasuremaps/oldhand.html


Herder: An essay on the origin of language. Superb!
uk-sprach
(E?)(L?) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/wow/grammar.latin.html


Search The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
uk-litera
(E?)(L?) http://www.bartleby.com/cambridge/

Z

Buecher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich Großbritannien und Nordirland, Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte, Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda del Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Sprache, Langue, Language
Englisch, Anglais, English

A

B

Bähr, Dieter
Abriß der englischen Sprachgeschichte

Bähr, Dieter
Einführung in das Altenglische

Bähr, Dieter
Einführung ins Mittelenglische

Kurzbeschreibung:
Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine synchronisch strukturelle Analyse des Mittelenglischen anhand des reich glossierten Prolog der "Canterbury Tales" von Chaucer. Der beigefügte Prolog und das sehr umfangreiche Glossar ermöglichen vor allem dem Anfänger ein selbständiges Arbeiten und den Erwerb des nötigen Ausbildungs- und Prüfungsstoffes.

Bierma, Nathan L. K. (Autor)
The Eclectic Encyclopedia of English

Product Description
Culled from his On Language column in The Chicago Tribune, Nathan Bierma conducts a wide-ranging discussion of topics related to English language. He gets under the hood to find out what etymologists do to arrive at their conclusions (they get under the hood), looks at dictionaries through the eyes of those who make them (and catches them making up a word to catch would-be word pirates), and ponders simple usage questions (lay or lie? bring or take? could care less or couldn't care less?) in ways you may not have considered before. He also fields questions from his readers and shows off some of the more interesting Australian slang, horse racing cliches, untranslatable terms, birding vocabulary, and lots more.

Burridge, Kate (Autor)
Blooming English
Observations on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language

Kurzbeschreibung
Fascinating well-crafted look at the quirks of the English language.

C

Cloutier, Robert A. / Hamilton-Brehm, Anne Marie / Kretzschmar, Jr., William A.
Studies in the History of the English Language V

Kurzbeschreibung
Twelve articles about contemporary approaches to variation and change in historical English grammar and lexicon, with commentaries and responses by the authors, show the main issues and discussion in the field as traditional methods meet contemporary linguistics.

Über den Autor
Robert A. Cloutier, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, USA; Anne Marie Hamilton-Brehm and William A. Kretzschmar, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.

Reihe: Topics in English Linguistics [TiEL] 68

Produktinfo
This collection of essays focuses on current approaches to variation and change in historical English grammar and lexicon. Of the twelve papers in the collection, half are based on grammar and syntax, half on lexical developments. The volume highlights the contributions that strong empirical research can make to our knowledge of the development of English grammar, especially as realized in lexical development. In illustration of contemporary research trends, the articles in the collection make strong use of extralinguistic factors to discuss language change as well as argue for internal and structural development.

The authors are drawn from nine different countries, and each article is followed by a commentary and response that provide actual dialogue about the issues in the field, thus representing world-wide discussion of issues in the history of English. The essays recognize the different audiences for historical variation and change - formal linguists, sociolinguists, and lexicographers - and specifically address the interests and discourse in those areas.

The volume shows how historical studies of English are increasingly engaged with contemporary trends in linguistics, at the same time as demonstrating how empirical and other methods can bring classical philology fully into the sphere of contemporary linguistics without abandoning its traditional concerns.

Crystal, David (Autor)
A Little Book of Language

Kurzbeschreibung
With a language disappearing every two weeks and neologisms springing up almost daily, an understanding of the origins and currency of language has never seemed more relevant. In this charming volume, a narrative history written explicitly for a young audience, expert linguist David Crystal proves why the story of language deserves retelling. From the first words of an infant to the peculiar modern dialect of text messaging, "A Little Book of Language" ranges widely, revealing language's myriad intricacies and quirks. In animated fashion, Crystal sheds light on the development of unique linguistic styles, the origins of obscure accents, and the search for the first written word. He discusses the plight of endangered languages, as well as successful cases of linguistic revitalization. Much more than a history, Crystal's work looks forward to the future of language, exploring the effect of technology on our day-to-day reading, writing, and speech. Through enlightening tables, diagrams, and quizzes, as well as Crystal's avuncular and entertaining style, "A Little Book of Language" will reveal the story of language to be a captivating tale for all ages.

Crystal, David (Autor)
A little Book of Language
Little Histories

Kurzbeschreibung
With a language disappearing every two weeks and neologisms springing up almost daily, an understanding of the origins and currency of language has never seemed more relevant. In this charming volume, a narrative history written explicitly for a young audience, expert linguist David Crystal proves why the story of language deserves retelling. From the first words of an infant to text messaging, "A Little Book of Language" ranges widely, revealing language's myriad intricacies and quirks. In animated fashion, Crystal sheds light on the development of unique linguistic styles, the origins of obscure accents, and the search for the first written word. He discusses the plight of endangered languages, as well as successful cases of linguistic revitalization. Much more than a history, Crystal's guide looks forward to the future of language, exploring the effect of technology on our day-to-day reading, writing, and speech. Through enlightening tables, diagrams, and quizzes, as well as Crystal's avuncular and entertaining style, "A Little Book of Language" reveals the story of language to be a captivating tale for all ages.

Über den Autor
David Crystal is one of the world's pre-eminent language specialists. Writer, editor, lecturer, and broadcaster, he is Honorary Professor of Linguistics at the University of Wales, Bangor. He has written nearly 100 books, including The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language, By Hook or By Crook: a Journey in Search of English, Txtng: the Gr8 Db8, The Stories of English, and Rediscover Grammar, as well as publishing widely on phonetics, Shakespeare's language and child language. In 1995 he was awarded the OBE for services to the English language.

Crystal, David (Author)
Begat: The King James Bible and the English Language

Product Description
What do the following have in common? "Let there be light" - "A fly in the ointment" - "A rod of iron" - "New wine in old bottles Lick the dust" - "How are the mighty fallen" - "Kick against the pricks" - "Wheels within wheels". They are all in the King James Bible. This astonishing book "has contributed far more to English in the way of idiomatic or quasi-proverbial expressions than any other literary source." So wrote David Crystal in 2004. In Begat he returns to the subject not only to consider how a work published in 1611 could have had such influence on the language, but how it can still do so when few regularly hear the Bible and fewer still hear it in the language of Stuart England. No other version of the Bible however popular (such as the Good News Bible) or imposed upon the church (like the New English Bible) has had anything like the same influence. David Crystal shows how its words and phrases have over the centuries found independent life in the work of poets, playwrights, novelists, politicians, and journalists, and how more recently they have been taken up with enthusiasm by advertisers, Hollywood, and hip-hop. Yet the King James Bible owes much to earlier English versions, notably those by John Wycliffe in in the fourteenth century and William Tyndale in the sixteenth. David Crystal reveals how much that is memorable in the King James Bible stems from its forebears. At the same time he shows how crucial were the revisions made by King James's team of translators and editors. "A person who professes to be a critic in the delicacies of the English language ought to have the Bible at his finger's ends," Lord Macaulay advised Lady Holland in 1831. Begat shows how true that remains. It will be a revelation to all who read it.

Crystal, David
English as a Global Language

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Man kann sagen, dass Crystal das Standardwerk zum Thema geschrieben hat, und dass jeder Anglistik-Student oder sprachlich Interessierte seine Freude daran haben wird, es zu lesen.
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Crystal, David (Autor)
Evolving English: One Language, Many Voices
An Illustrated History of the English Language

Kurzbeschreibung
English is spoken or written today by a third of the world's population - an unprecedented achievement for a language. How has this situation come about? And what happens to a language when it is used by so many? In this illustrated history David Crystal charts the development of the language from the earliest runic inscriptions in Old English, through the emergence of a standard variety of English between 1400 and 1800, to the most modern forms of the language in 'concrete' and 'text' poetry. In telling the story he draws on examples from English in its various guises and uses - from our everyday English to English in the workplace and English used as a medium of playful and literary expression. The regional and international varieties of English are also considered. This book shows us where language is now, where it has been, and - perhaps most important of all - where it is heading, for the new varieties of the language appearing in world literature and on the Internet show that this is a story which is by no means over.

Über den Autor
David Crystal is a writer, lecturer and broadcaster on language and linguistics. He is the author of many books including The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (CUP, 1995), The Stories of English (Penguin, 2005), By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English (HarperPress, 2007) and Txtng: The Gr8 Db8 (OUP, 2008).

Crystal, David (Autor)
Introduction to Language: A Complete Course
[DVD-ROM]

Kurzbeschreibung
'A brilliantly accessible introduction to core topics in English language and linguistics. My students loved it.' David Adger, Queen Mary, University of London, UK 'Entertaining, clear and informative. David Crystal's lectures demystify and enrich the English language for students of all levels.' Sylvia Shaw, Middlesex University, UK 'A well-delivered and well-structured bird's-eye introduction to all areas of the study of language. Crystal's discussion of issues like dialect and bilingualism will interest many and hopefully promote a rational and reasoned stance towards language.' Klaus Abels, University College London, UK David Crystal brings linguistics alive in these specially recorded lectures. Six 30-minute lectures, each divided into two parts for flexibility of use in lectures and virtual learning environments, cover all the key topics in an introductory English-language/linguistics course, under the headings: Language, Communication & Pragmatics The Structure of Language - semantics and grammar The Mode of Transmission - speech and writing Language in Use: Temporal Variation Language in Use - regional, social and personal variation Language & Discourse This is an essential resource for all beginning students of English language, linguistics and English as a second language.

Über den Autor
David Crystal has been a freelance writer, lecturer and broadcaster since 1984. Based in Holyhead, Crystal is Honorary Professor at Bangor University, UK. He is author of numerous books, including Internet Linguistics (2011), Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language (2009) and The Future of Language DVD (2009), all Routledge.

The companion website includes substantial supporting material: bonus extra clips from the lectures a synopsis of lecture content a linguistic and cultural commentary with time codes so users can select points of interest a glossary of linguistic terms, with flashcards for self-testing suggestions for activities, follow-up work and further reading multiple-choice questions to test knowledge of the content of the lectures an index of linguistic terms with time codes to locate them in use on the DVD.

David Crystal's Introduction to Language


This glossary contains the key language and linguistic terms used in the DVD lectures. You can test yourself on these terms using the flashcards.
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Crystal, David (Autor)
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language

Über das Produkt
This third edition incorporates the major developments in language study since the mid 1990s. It includes major new sections on electronic communication and language death. All statistics and maps have been updated, and all sections revised. The book benefits from many new illustrations and a completely fresh text design.

Crystal, David (Autor)
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language

Crystal, David
The Stories of English
Warum sprechen die Engländer nicht Französisch?

Crystal, David
The Story of English in One Hundred Words

Kurzbeschreibung
In dieser einzigartigen neuen Geschichte der Universalsprache Englisch, erklärt der Linguist David Crystal anhand von 100 beispielhaften Wörtern, die Entwicklung, die Ereignisse und den Einfluss, unter welchem diese Sprache sich seit ihrer ersten schriftlichen Niederlegung im 5. Jahrhundert befand und noch heute befindet.

Über den Autor
David Crystal is the foremost expert on English, and honorary professor of linguistics at the University of Wales, Bangor. He has written many books and published articles in fields ranging from forensic linguistics and ELT to the liturgy and Shakespeare.

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Hardy, Justin (Regisseur)
Bailey, Mike (Darsteller)
Magee, Francis (Darsteller)
1066 - Die Schlacht um England
(DVD)

Mit Bailey, Mike; Magee, Francis
1066 - Die Schlacht um England, DVD-Video
150 Min.
2011. 142g. FSK ab 16 freigegeben.
Einband: DVD
Verlag: WVG Medien
ISBN: 4006448758172
Produktart: Video (DVD/Video)

Eine dreiteilige Dokumentation über die Ereignisse des Jahres 1066, die in der Schlacht von Hastings ihren Höhepunkt fanden

Die beiden Bauern Leofric und Tofi werden nicht ganz freiwillig von Ordgar zum Kriegsdienst verpflichtet. Zunächst gilt es den Süden des Landes vor einem möglichen Angriff der Normannen zu schützen. Als zur selben Zeit ein Wikingertrupp im Norden an Land geht, marschiert Ordgar mit seiner Truppe nach Norden und schlägt die Wikinger in der Schlacht von Stamford Bridge.

Im zweiten Teil der Dokumentation fallen die Normannen in England ein. Ordgar und seine Leute haben keine Zeit sich von der Schlacht zu erholen, denn in Sussex ist ein Normannenheer aus Frankreich gelandet und hat die Ortschaft Crowhurst gebrandschatzt.

Im dritten Teil kommt es schließlich zum Höhepunkt der Ereignisse in der Schlacht von Hastings, in der Willhelm der Eroberer die Engländer unter König Harold vernichtend schlägt.

Hodgson, Charles (Autor, Sprecher)
Global WORDing
The Fascinating Story of the Evolution of English

Kurzbeschreibung
In the same engaging style and humor that has attracted 4.5 million downloads of the Podictionary podcast, Global Wording traces the development of our language using easily recognizable milestones such as "Beowulf", "William the Conqueror", "Chaucer" and "Shakespeare". Rather than relying on scores of dates and boring facts, Hodgson instead punctuates his story with anecdotes about why these characters were so memorable, as well as interesting details on how we know what we know and the conditions of life over the years as they affected the growth of our language.

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Leitner, Gerhard (Autor)
Weltsprache Englisch
Vom angelsächsischen Dialekt zur globalen Lingua franca

Kurzbeschreibung
Die Mehrheit der Bürger Europas wünscht sich Englisch als die Fremdsprache, die ihre Kinder zuerst lernen sollten. In Südostasien oder Afrika ist das kaum anders, wenn selbst Landessprachen zugunsten des Englischen aufgegeben werden. Englisch verspricht globale Teilhabe und Fortschritt. Die Politik folgt dem Geist der Zeit und demonstriert Modernität, wenn Englisch von Kindesbeinen an angeboten wird. Zugleich aber wird Englisch als Feind für Sprachen und Kulturen angesehen, wenn den dominanten Anglizismen und Amerikanismen nichts entgegenzusetzen ist. Gerhard Leitner erzählt umfassend, systematisch und kritisch die Geschichte des Englischen von den Anfängen bis zur globalen Lingua franca. Sein Rundblick über die ganze Welt führt durchaus zu überraschenden Ergebnissen: Die englische Sprache wird zunehmend plurizentrisch, das asiatische oder das afrikanische Englisch gewinnen an Bedeutung und stehen im Wettbewerb mit dem formalen Business-Englisch. Die Globalisierung befördert beides, das formale und das Englisch des Hip Hop. Leitners Prognosen sind unsentimental: Das Englische verändert die Welt und wird selbst tiefgreifend verändert.

Über den Autor
Gerhard Leitner ist Professor für Englische Linguistik an der Freien Universität Berlin.

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Viereck, Wolfgang / Viereck, Karin / Ramisch, Heinrich
Atlas Englische Sprache

Der dtv-Atlas zur englischsprachigen Welt vermittelt einen Überblick Sprache Wortbildung, Syntax, aber auch über die Entwicklung vom Altenglischen ...

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