Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Suffixe, Suffixes, Suffixes
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-ance, -ancy, -ence, -ency (W2)
Einer E-Mail der American Dialect Society Mailingliste vom 06.10.2005 war folgender Beitrag von Arnold M. Zwicky zu entnehmen. Es handelt sich zwar nicht um eine etymologische Betrachtung, aber dennoch um einen interessanten Beitrag zu sprachlichen Entwicklungen.
Sobald ich entsprechende Hinweise habe, werde ich die etymologischen Aspekte ergänzen.
Why the replacement of "ency/ancy" for "ence/ance"? How common is this?
In a fair number of cases, only the "-nce" version occurs: "confidence", "resistance", "persistence", "benevolence", "malevolence", "insolence", "independence".
In some cases, only the "-ncy" version occurs: "consistency", "malignancy", "fluency", "constituency".
When there are pairs, sometimes the meanings are very clearly distinct ("emergence" vs. "emergency"), sometimes more subtly so ("dependence" vs. "dependency"), and sometimes there's considerable semantic overlap ("coherence" vs. "coherency", "relevance" vs. "relevancy", "valence" vs. "valency").
When there's some overlap, the "-nce" version is more frequent, but the ratio of "-nce" to "-ncy" (in raw google web hits) varies quite a bit across the pairs:
- dependence : dependency - 1.44
- coherence : coherency - 1.56
- valence : valency - 11.47
- relevance : relevancy - 20.66
For "coherence" / "coherency", there's a technical sense of "coherence" in physics, but also specialized technical senses of "coherency" in several fields that are well represented on the web: "cache coherency" in computer science / engineering, and statistical "coherency" (paired with "consistency", an "-ncy"-only formation).
As far as i can tell, these "-ncy" technical uses don't vary with "-nce" at all; the form of the expressions is fixed. So the ratio is low.
But for "valence" / "valency", the words are in competition pretty broadly, in technical senses in chemistry, linguistics, and mathematics. The shorter and less complex "-nce" version then prevails by a wide margin. (I'm inclined to use "valency" in talking about the argument structure of verbs, probably because i'm often contrasting "valency" with "constituency", and "constituency" is a "-ncy"-only formation.)
For "relevance" / "relevancy", i find it very hard to see any specialization, and the shorter and less complex version prevails
even more strongly. The longer and more complex versions might have some value on their own, however, just by virtue of their greater substance. To some ears they might seem weightier, more formal, more serious, more technical.
I suspect there's some literature on this, but i don't have the relevant part of my library to hand and so can't easily check out sources.
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-ice (W3)
Der engl. Suffix (bei Adjektiven und Substantiven) "-ice" geht zurück auf lat. "-itius", "-itia", "-itium" und weiter auf griech. "-sios".
(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingbee.com/pre_suf_comb.pdf
-ice n suffix -s ME "-ice", "-ise", fr. OF, fr. L "-itius" (masc.), "-itia" (fem.), "-itium" (neut.), suffixes forming adjectives and nouns; akin to Gk "-sios", Skt "-tya": "act" (service) : "quality" (justice) : "condition" (cowardice)
-ise (W3)
Der engl. Suffix (bei Verben) "-ise" bzw. "-ize" geht zurück auf lat. "-izare" und weiter auf griech. "-izein".
(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingbee.com/pre_suf_comb.pdf
"-ise" vb suffix : "-ize" see spelling note 2.10 on page 24a of Webster's Third New International Dictionary
-ize (W3)
Der engl. Suffix (bei Verben) "-ise" bzw. "-ize" geht zurück auf lat. "-izare" und weiter auf griech. "-izein".
(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingbee.com/pre_suf_comb.pdf
"-ize" vb suffix -ED/-ing/-S see spelling note 2.10 on page 24a of Webster's Third New International Dictionary [ME "-isen", fr. OF "-iser", fr. LL "-izare", fr. Gk "-izein"]
- 1 a (1) : "to cause", "to be" or "become" or "conform to" or "be like" or "resemble" (something specified) ("systemize", "americanize", "liquidize") : "cause", "to be formed into" ("unionize", "diphthongize")
- 1 a (2) : "to subject", "to action by" or "treatment of" (something specified) ("criticize"), subject to a (specified) action ("plagiarize")
- 1 a (3) : "to cause", "to have" or "appear to have" some (specified) quality ("rationalize") : "act upon in such a way as to produce a (specified) result in "brutalize", "commercialize"
- 1 a (4) : "to impregnate" or "treat" or "combine with" (something specified) ("albuminize", "hydrogenize")
- 1 a (5) : "to adapt to" (something specified) : "modify by means of" ("avianize")
- 1 b : "to make (a specified thing) of" : "treat like" ("idolize", "lionize")
- 1 c : "to treat in the manner of" or "according to the method" or "process of" (a specified individual) ("bowdlerize", "mesmerize")
- 2 a : "to become" or "become like" (something specified) ("crystallize")
- 2 b : "to be productive in or of" (something specified) ("theorize") : "engage in" or "carry on" a (specified) activity ("botanize", "philosophize", "attitudinize", "concertize")
- 2 c : "to follow after someone or something" (specified) : "to adopt" or "spread the manner of activity or the outlook" or "teaching of someone" ("calvinize")
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spellingbee
A Dictionary of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms
from Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged
2002
(E?)(L?) http://www.spellingbee.com/pre_suf_comb.pdf
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Bücher zur Kategorie:
Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
UK Vereinigtes Königreich (Großbritannien u. Nordirland), Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Suffixe, Suffixes, Suffixes
amazon - Suffixe, Suffixes, Suffixes
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Quinion, Michael - Ologies and Isms
A Dictionary of Word Beginnings and Endings
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192806408/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192806408/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192806408/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192806408/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192806408/etymologetymo-20
Sprache: Englisch
Broschiert - 288 Seiten - Oxford University Press
Erscheinungsdatum: 13. Oktober 2005
Auflage: Reissue
ISBN: 0192806408
Over 10,000 examples of word affixes to help you to decode word meanings.
This book covers topics such as Aquaculture, Haemophilia, Isochronous, Neuralgia, Polyunsaturated, and Rodenticide. How often do we see a technical word without quite knowing what it means? If we can decipher it - undo its language code - we can start to understand others of a similar kind. For example, if we know that words beginning with "aqua" are to do with "water", then we are half way to understanding the word "aquaculture". "Ologies and Isms" is about the building blocks of the English language - the beginnings and endings and sometimes the middles - that help form or adapt many of the words we use.
Whether you're a student or a practitioner, a teacher of English, an inveterate word-user, or just a seeker-out of linguistic trifles, the book should help you understand better the language of your workplace and the world around you. The text contains over 10,000 examples within 1250 entries and a selective thematic index breaks prefixes and suffixes down by theme, including biochemistry and drugs, living world, places and people.
We all have a childlike love of playing with words, adding bits, Lego-style, to create new ones. And we often wonder where words come from and how they are formed.
This book fills a gap we hardly knew existed. Ologies and Isms is about the building blocks of the English language—the beginnings and endings, sometimes the middles—that help create many of the words we use. How often do we see a common technical or medical word without quite knowing what it means? Does your blood run cold when you hear haemophilia; do you pale at paleobotany? If we can decipher such words, we can start to understand others of a similar kind.
(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/ologies.htm
sample entries for Michael Quinions "Ologies and Isms: Word Beginnings and Endings"
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Sheehan, Michael - Word Parts Dictionary
Standard and Reverse Listings of Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786408197/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786408197/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786408197/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786408197/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786408197/etymologetymo-20
Bibliothekseinband: 235 Seiten
Verlag: McFarland & Company (30. März 2001)
Sprache: Englisch
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Urdang, Laurence - Suffixes and Other Word-Final Elements of English
(E?)(L?) http://www.verbatimbooks.com/verbatimbooks/page8.asp
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930454081/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930454081/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930454081/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930454081/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930454081/etymologetymo-20
Gebundene Ausgabe
Verlag: Verbatim Books,U.S. (Dezember 1998)
Sprache: Englisch
Synopsis
Origins, history, meanings and applications of over 1500 common and technical free forms, bound forms, and roots that frequently occur at the ends of words, with an index in normal alphabetical order.
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