Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
US Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika, les États-Unis d'Amérique, The United States of America (USA)
Linguistik, Linguistique, Linguistics
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Amerikanistik (W3)
(E?)(L?) http://www.abc-der-menschheit.de/coremedia/generator/wj/de/03__Geisteswissenschaften/01__Vermitteln/Anglistik_2C_20Amerikanistik.html
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Dabei geht der Blick der "Anglistik" über England hinaus. Den Gegenstand des Faches bildet die englische Sprache in ihrer heutigen weltweiten Verbreitung, die Anglistik interessiert sich für Shakespeare ebenso wie für literarische Produktionen aus Amerika oder dem Commonwealth - etwa aus Indien. Dieses breit angelegte Interessengebiet führt an vielen Universitäten zu einer Aufteilung des Faches. So hat sich die "Amerikanistik", die sich mit Sprache und Kultur Nordamerikas auseinandersetzt, an manchen Hochschulen als eigenständige Disziplin etabliert.
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Antanaclasis, Antanaklase (W3)
(E2)(L1) http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/A/antanaclasis.htm
(E?)(L?) http://wordcraft.infopop.cc/Archives/2002-8-Aug.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAntanaclasis.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet
(E1)(L1) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/archives/1200
(E?)(L?) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/archives/0305
(E?)(L?) http://www.google.de/search?hl=de&q=Antanaclasis&meta=
"Antanaclasis" is a pun in which a word is repeated with a different meaning each time.
(Your argument is sound, nothing but sound.)
"Antanaclasis", dt. "Antanaklase" setzt sich zusammen aus griech. "anti" = "gegen", "zurück", "ana" = "auf" und "klasis" = "Brechung", also etwa "Rückbeziehung", "auf etwas zurückweisen".
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eleaston - Etymology-Links
(E?)(L?) http://www.eleaston.com/etymology.html
- Etymology online | History of English | Loan Words | Names: People, Places, Eponyms, Generic Words | Neologisms | Quizzes | Politics: Election Words | Word of the Day
- English Around the World: American, Australian, British, Canadian, Caribbean, Indian, Irish, New Zealand, Nigerian, Scots, Sign Language-Braille, Singaporean, South Africa, Welsh
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION: What is etymology? H. Rex Hartson | What is etymology? fun-with-words | Where do languages come from? Merritt Ruhlen | Language Contact: Terms Eva Easton | Language Varieties Univ. of New England, Australia | Vocabulary H.W. Fowler | Word Formation Johanna Rubba | Word Formation Take Our Word | What is linguistics? Stu Barton | Linguistics Course Sharon Clampitt | Linguistics Overview William Harris | Linguistics Terms Brian Zahn | Etymological Dictionary Eugene Cotter
- Language Families Ethnologue: Indo-European Languages Cathy Ball | Indo-European Languages Jack Lynch | Indo-European Languages TITUS / Univ. of Franfurt | Germanic Languages softrat.home.mindspring.com | Language Identifier Doug Beeferman | Mini Essays about Language bluemarble.net/~langmin
- HISTORY of the ENGLISH LANGUAGE: Who speaks English? | History of English Kryss Katsiavriades | History of English Dave Wilton | History of English Soon | History of English Douglas F. Hasty | History of English BlueRider | History of English BBC | History of English American Heritage | History of English Edwin Duncan | History of English Peter Erdmann, See-Young Cho | History of English Carol Jamison | History of English Suzanne Kemmer | History of English Pétur Knútsson | History of English Tim Morris | History of English Daniel W. Mosser | History of English Daniel W. Mosser | History of English Carol Percy | History of English Questia | History of English Johanna E. Rubba | History of English Philip G. Rusche | History of English David Wilton
- Old English incl. audio: American English | British English
- Phonological Atlas of North America Univ. of Pennsylvania: The Structure of English Words Univ. of Oregon | English Lexicography Technical University of Berlin | English Word Origins C.A.E. Luschnig | Politics & the English Language: George Orwell
- NEOLOGISMS: What is a neologism? | What is a neologism? Using English | What is a neologism? Wikipedia | The need for neologisms Ingar Roggen | Neologisms: Origin H.W. Fowler | Neologisms Jennifer Stewart | Neologisms Canada´s Most Wanted Words | Neologisms involution.org/neologisms | Neologisms Incompetech | Neologisms Richard Leverage | Neologisms tribuneindia.com | Neologisms American / Mencken | Neologisms "Gulliver's Travels" / Lee Jaffe | Neologisms Japanese-English / cjk.org | Neologisms Shakespeare | Neologisms interpreting / Helga Niska | Neologisms French-English / lapasserelle.com | Neologisms German-English / Englishlehrer.de | Neologisms Spanish, French, Portuguese
- MORE INFO? Search ...: Papers on Various Linguistic Influences on English
eserver - Languages and Linguistics
(E6)(L1) http://www.eserver.org/langs/
(E?)(L?) http://langs.eserver.org/
This area holds works on language, linguistic theory and structural linguistics.
Hier findet man Links zu folgenden linguistischen Themen:
- Acronyms Dictionary
- American Dialect Society
- American Philological Association
- Beginning Greek
- Birkbeck College, Department of Applied Linguistics
- Center for Applied Linguistics
- Center for the Study of Language and Information
- CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
- Consortium for Lexical Research
- Croatian Language
- Devil's Dictionary of Lit Terms
- Economic Freedom and Language
- European Network in Language and Speech
- Feudal Dictionary
- FingerSpell (Mac)
- 1606 French Dictionary
- French Flash Cards (Mac)
- French Glossary (Mac)
- French Literature Collection
- German News
- Guide to Wheelock's Latin
- Hopper BLS Paper
- Hopper: Times of the Sign
- iLoveLanguages
- International Phonetic Association
- Latin Grammar Aid
- Latin Terms
- Latin texts
- Learn to Read Russian
- Let's Learn Arabic
- Lexical Functional Grammar
- Linell: The Written Language Bias in Linguistics
- Linguistic Society of America
- The Linguists List
- Minimal pairs for English RP
- Mistranslations
- Mondegreen Phrases
- Official English: A 'No' Vote
- Oxymorons
- Online English Handbook 1.2.1 (Mac)
- Orwell: Politics and the English Language
- Palindromes
- Palmer-Bakhtin and Net Subjects
- Polanyi & Hopper 1981
- Project Libellus
- Qalam
- Quick & Dirty Japanese
- Sengers: Wallowing in the Quagmire of Language
- Shakespeare Glossary
- Shaw and Meihem
- SIL Encore IPA Fonts
- Some basic Spanish conjugations
- Study Guide to Wheelock Latin
- Swedish-English Dictionary
- The Awful German Language
- UCLA Phonetics Lab
- Urdu Dictionary
- Welsh Resources
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Linguistic profiling
(E1)(L1) http://www.worldwidewords.org/
(E2)(L1) http://www.wordspy.com/words/L.asp
linguistics (W3)
(E?)(L?) http://www.cal.org/resources/faqs/linguisticsfaq.html
(E?)(L?) http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/linguistics
Diese Bezeichnung (dt. "Linguistik") für die moderne Sprachwissenschaft wurde von dem Schweizer Sprachwissenschaftler F. de Saussure (1857-1913) eingeführt.
linguistlist
(E1)(L?) http://www.linguistlist.org/
The Linguist List - Fachleute antworten zu Fragen - It's available in Deutsch, Español, Français, Italiano, Português, to boot. There are seemingly endless resources here, plus the Ask a Linguist service. It's not strictly etymology, but it certainly deserves to be in The Hall of Fame.
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mizian - Heteronyms
(E?)(L?) http://mizian.com.ne.kr/englishwiz/library/explore/heteronyms.htm
What are heteronyms?
Heteronyms are words that are spelled identically but have different meanings when pronounced differently. For example:
Lead, pronounced LEED, means to guide. However, lead, pronounced LED, means a metallic element.
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Es folgt eine lange List mit Beispielen.
mizian - Homographs
(E?)(L?) http://mizian.com.ne.kr/englishwiz/library/explore/homographs.htm
Homographs are words that have identical spellings but different pronunciations and different meanings. Some dictionaries call these types of words "heteronyms".
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Es folgt eine lange List mit Beispielen.
mizian - Homonyms
(E?)(L?) http://mizian.com.ne.kr/englishwiz/library/explore/homonyms.htm
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Homographs are words that are spelled the same but differ in meaning, derivation, or pronunciation.
Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but differ in meaning, derivation, or spelling. There is overlap among these categories.
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Es folgt eine lange List mit Beispielen.
mizian - An English Homophone Dictionary
(E?)(L?) http://mizian.com.ne.kr/englishwiz/library/explore/homophone.htm
Homophones are words of the same language that are pronounced alike even if they differ in spelling, meaning, or origin, such as "pair" and "pear". Homophones may also be spelled alike, as in "bear" (the animal) and "bear" (to carry). But this list consists only of homophones that are not spelled alike.
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Es folgt eine lange List mit Beispielen.
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NLP - computational linguistics
(E?)(L?) http://www.webopedia.com/totd.asp
Short for "Natural Language Processing", a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with analyzing, understanding and generating the languages that humans use naturally in order to interface with computers in both written and spoken contexts using natural human languages instead of computer languages.
One of the challenges inherent in natural language processing is teaching computers to understand the way humans learn and use language. Take, for example, the sentence "Baby swallows fly." This simple sentence has multiple meanings, depending on whether the word "swallows" or the word "fly" is used as the verb, which also determines whether "baby" is used as a noun or an adjective. In the course of human communication, the meaning of the sentence depends on both the context in which it was communicated and each person's understanding of the ambiguity in human languages. This sentence poses problems for software that must first be programmed to understand context and linguistic structures.
NLP is also referred to as computational linguistics.
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Paronomasia, Paronomasie (W3)
(E2)(L1) http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/P/paronomasia.htm
(E?)(L?) http://wordcraft.infopop.cc/Archives/2002-8-Aug.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsParonomasia.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet
(E?)(L?) http://eir.library.utoronto.ca/rpo/display_rpo/terminology.cfm#paronomasia
(E1)(L1) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/archives/0301
(E?)(L?) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/archives/1196
"Paronomasia" (syllepsis) is the use of words that sound similar to other words, but have different meanings.
("plain", "plane", "explained")
"Paronomasie, lat. "paronomasia", griech. "paronomasía" ist die Zusammenstellung gleichlautender Wörter.
"Paronomasia", dt. "Paronomasie" setzt sich zusammen aus griech "para" = "daneben", "längsseits" und "onomos" = "Name"; zusammen also "Nebenname".
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Remember B.F.Skinner (W3)
Noam Chomsky hatte das Werk "Verbal Behaviour" von B.F.Skinner kritisch besprochen. Seit 1959 wurde in entsprechenden Kreisen der Ausspruch "Remember B.F.Skinner" zur gefürchteten Floskel.
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Syllepsis, Syllepse, syllepsis semantica, syllepsis syntactica (W3)
(E2)(L1) http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/S/syllepsis.htm
(E?)(L?) http://wordcraft.infopop.cc/Archives/2002-8-Aug.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPun.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/proxy.php?file=lido/servlet/Lido_Servlet
(E1)(L1) http://www.wordsmith.org/awad/archives/0999
syllepsis Sep 99
"Syllepsis" is use of a single word so that it ties to two (or more) other words of the sentence, but has a different meaning for each of them.
(There is a certain type of woman who'd rather "press grapes" than "clothes".)
"Syllepsis" oder "Syllepse", lat. "syllepsis", griech. "sýllepsis" = "Zusammennehmen".
Eine "Syllepse" ist eine Ellipse, bei der ein Satzteil anderen in Person, Numerus oder Genus verschiedenen Satzteilen zugeordnet wird (z.B. ich gehe meinen Weg, ihr den eurigen).
"Syllepsis", dt. "Syllepse" setzt sich zusammen aus griech. "syn" = "zusammen" und "lepsis" = "nehmen".
syr - Linguistics-Sites for Students - Mary D. Taffet
(E?)(L?) http://web.syr.edu/~mdtaffet/student_sites.html
General Resources | Classification | Dialects | Dictionaries | Ebonics | Endangered Languages (new category) | English Language Legislation | FAQs | Glossaries | Language Catalogs and Guides | Phrase Collections | Specific Languages | Writing Systems
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Uni Laval - Histoire sociolinguistique des États-Unis
(E2)(L1) http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/amnord/usa_6histoire.htm
Cette «Histoire sociolinguistique des États-Unis» se veut avant tout d'ordre démolinguistique et sociologique plutôt que politique. Elle ne prétend donc pas résumer toute l'histoire politique et économique fort complexe de ce grand pays. Il a semblé préférable de nous en tenir aux principaux faits qui ont eu des incidences sur les plans linguistique et social: la provenance des premiers colons, l'expansion territoriale, certains grands événements politiques et sociaux tels la Révolution américaine, l'avènement de l'industrialisation et de la diversité culturelle, la mondialisation et le statut de superpuissance.
Plan d'ensemble
1) Les premiers habitants : les autochtones
- - L'hypothèse des origines
- - Les peuples autochtones
- - Les langues des peuples autochtones
2) La colonisation européenne (XVIe - XVIIIe siècles)
- - La colonisation espagnole
- - La colonisation française
- - La colonisation anglaise
- - La colonisation hollandaise
- - La langue anglaise et son adaptation en Amérique
- - Le problème indien
- - L'importation des esclaves
3) La révolution américaine (1776-1783)
- - Le renforcement du pouvoir britannique (1763-1776)
- - La révolution américaine (1776-1783)
- - La Constitution américaine de 1787 et la question linguistique
4) L'expansion territoriale (1803-1867)
- - L'achat de la Louisiane
- - La conquête du Nord-Ouest
- - La Floride
- - La conquête du Sud-Ouest
- - L'achat de l'Alaska
- - L'éviction des Indiens
- - Les conséquences linguistiques de l'expansionnisme
5) L'Amérique anglocentrique (1790-1865)
- - La supériorité de la race blanche anglo-saxonne
- - Les exclus: les Noirs, les Indiens et les Chicanos
- - La campagne abolitionniste
- - La guerre de Sécession (1861-1865)
- - La défaite du Sud et la discrimination raciale
6) L'Amérique eurocentrique (1865-1960)
- - Le «melting pot»
- - L'expansion économique et démographique
- - La politique impérialiste
- - Le New Deal
7) L'Amérique multiculturelle (1960 jusqu'à nos jours)
- - L'immigration et les minorités
- - La politique de déségrégation
- - Les lois sur l'éducation bilingue
- - Les droits linguistiques des Amérindiens
- - Les réformes en éducation
- - La diversité culturelle
- - Les attitudes des Américains face à l'immigration
8 ) La superpuissance et l'expansion de l'anglais
- - La planète comme excroissance des États-Unis
- - Les critères de la superpuissance
- - Le XXIe siècle sera-t-il anglo-américain?
Les États-Unis d'Amérique
- (1) Les États-Unis d'Amérique: situation générale
- (2) La politique linguistique fédérale
- (3) Les États américains: présentation générale
- (4) Liste des États disponibles (5) Bibliographie
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word sense disambiguation (W3)
(E?)(L?) http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Word%20sense%20disambiguation
In computational linguistics, "word sense disambiguation" (WSD) is the problem of determining in which sense a word having a number of distinct senses is used in a given sentence. For example, consider the word "bass", two distinct senses of which are:
- a type of fish
- tones of low frequency
and the sentences "The bass part of the song is very moving" and "I went fishing for some sea bass". To a human it is obvious the first sentence is using the word "bass" in sense 2 above, and in the second sentence it is being used in sense 1. But although this seems obvious to a human, developing algorithms to replicate this human ability is a difficult task.
Computational Linguistics is a subfield of Linguistics in which logical modeling of natural language from a computational perspective is central. This modeling is not limited to a particular field of linguistics. It is quite an interdisciplinary field, drawing the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, cognitive psychologists and logicians, amongst others.
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Zipf'sches Gesetz (W2)
(E3)(L1) http://soziologie.uni-duisburg.de/forschung/DuBei_0405.pdf
Untersuchungen zu demographischen Gleichgewichtsverteilungen nach dem Zipfschen Gesetz von Wolfgang und Joachim Gerß
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Zu den Modellen, die besondere Aufmerksamkeit erregten, gehört das sog. "Zipfsche Gesetz". Dr. "George Kingsley Zipf" war Professor für Linguistik an der Harvard University in Cambridge/Mass. ... im Jahr 1949 erschienenen Hauptwerk ... In diesem auf einigen früheren Arbeiten aufbauenden 573 Seiten starken Band stellte Zipf umfassend und detailliert sein – von ihm selbst nicht so bezeichnetes – "Gesetz" und dessen vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dar. Er ging dabei von quantitativen Untersuchungen der Struktur von Sprachen aus – Zipf wird daher als "Vater der statistischen Linguistik" (Alexejew, Kalinin und Piotrowski 1973, S.10) angesehen – und verallgemeinerte seine Aussagen dann auf biologische, soziologische und ökonomische Fragestellungen.
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In der Linguistik – Zipfs eigenem Forschungsgebiet – treten alle Elemente seines Gesetzes besonders deutlich in Erscheinung. Die Entstehung und Fortentwicklung der Sprache war in der Frühzeit des homo sapiens (oder bereits seiner Vorfahren) mit außerordentlich großem geistigen Input verbunden; dasselbe gilt für das Sprechenlernen eines Kleinkindes. Daher ist es nahe liegend, der Sprachbildung das Prinzip der geringsten Anstrengung zugrunde zu legen.
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Außerhalb der Linguistik hat das Zipfsche Gesetz am häufigsten zur Darstellung und Analyse der Verteilung der Bevölkerung eines Landes auf Siedlungen verschiedener Größe Anwendung gefunden.
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zompist - Linguistics
(E?)(L?) http://www.zompist.com/
Linguistics
- sci.lang FAQ Frequently asked questions about linguistics
- The numbers 1 to 10 in over 5000 languages.
- Deriving Proto-World with tools you probably have at home. And whether you should bother.
- How likely are chance resemblances between languages? - Quite likely, really. A statistical investigation.
- Proto-World and the Language Instinct Two dubious ideas that work dubiously together
- Hau to pranounse Inglish: The real rules of English spelling
- Writing English Chinese-style English spelling is such a pain-- why not use logograms instead?
- When do people learn languages? And how to make them learn yours
Language Construction
- The Language Construction Kit
- The Sound Change Applier: A program to apply a set of sound changes to a lexicon
- Hergé's Syldavian: a grammar
Particular Languages
- Fun facts to know and tell about Quechua
- Amerindian words in English
- Arabic words in English
- English words from Chinese
- English words from India
- Hiragana flashcards: Gotta learn 'em all!
Bücher zur Kategorie:
Etymologie, Étymologie, Etymology
US Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika, les États-Unis d'Amérique, The United States of America (USA)
Linguistik, Linguistique, Linguistics
amazon - Linguistik, Linguistique, Linguistics
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Fellbaum, Christiane (ed.) - WordNet
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/026206197X/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/026206197X/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/026206197X/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/026206197X/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/026206197X/etymologetymo-20
An Electrical Lexical Database
Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1998.
WordNet, a electronic lexical database, is considered to be the most important resource available to reseachers in computational linguistics, text analysis, and many related areas. Its design is inspired by late-1990s psycholinguistic and computational theories of human lexical memory. English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different relations link the synonym sets. The purpose of this volume is twofold. First, it discusses the design of the current version of WordNet and the theoretical motivations behind it. Second, it provides a survey of representative applications, including word sense identification, information retrieval, selectional preferences of verbs, and lexical chains.
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Jacobson, I. Jacobson
Linguistics and Philosophy
(E?)(L?) http://www.springer.com/linguistics/semantics/journal/10988?cm_mmc=AD-_-FTA-_-HSS1929-_-0
Editor-in-Chief: Pauline I. Jacobson
ISSN: 0165-0157 (print version)
ISSN: 1573-0549 (electronic version)
Journal no. 10988
Springer Netherlands
Online version available
Description
Linguistics and Philosophy focuses on issues related to structure and meaning in natural language, as addressed in the philosophy of language, linguistic semantics, syntax and related disciplines, in particular the following areas:
- philosophical theories of meaning and truth, reference, description, entailment, presupposition, implicatures, context-dependence, and speech acts
- linguistic theories of semantic interpretation in relation to syntactic structure and prosody, of discourse structure, lexcial semantics and semantic change
- psycholinguistic theories of semantic interpretation and issues of the processing and acquisition of natural language, and the relation of semantic interpretation to other cognitive faculties
- mathematical and logical properties of natural language and general aspects of computational linguistics
- philosophical questions raised by linguistics as a science.
It publishes articles, replies, book reviews and review articles.
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Ruhlen, Merritt - The Origin of Language - Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471159638/etymologety01-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471159638/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471159638/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471159638/etymologety0d-21
Sprache: Englisch
Taschenbuch - 256 Seiten - John Wiley & Sons
Erscheinungsdatum: August 1996
ISBN: 0471159638
Amazon.com
... Ruhlen's Origin of Language actually gets you involved in applying standard linguistic techniques to carefully chosen examples - by the end of the book, you will have constructed a family tree of the world's languages. And you needn't know any other than your mother tongue when you start, but you'll probably want to go out and learn several more languages by time you are done.
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